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Mau oyamba a Surfactants
Ma surfactants ali ndi amphiphilic molecular structure: mbali imodzi imakhala ndi gulu la hydrophilic, lomwe limatchedwa mutu wa hydrophilic, pamene mapeto ena ali ndi gulu la hydrophobic, lotchedwa hydrophobic tail. Mutu wa hydrophilic umalola ma surfactants kuti asungunuke m'madzi mu mawonekedwe awo a monomer.
Gulu la hydrophilic nthawi zambiri limakhala gulu la polar, lomwe lingakhale gulu la carboxyl (-COOH), gulu la sulfonic acid (-SO3H), gulu la amino (-NH2), amines ndi mchere wawo, magulu a hydroxyl (-OH), magulu a amide, kapena maulalo a ether (-O-) monga zitsanzo zina za magulu a polar hydrophilic.
Gulu la hydrophobic nthawi zambiri ndi unyolo womwe umakhala wopanda polar hydrocarbon, monga maunyolo a hydrophobic alkyl (R- for alkyl) kapena magulu onunkhira (Ar- for aryl).
Ma surfactants amatha kugawidwa m'magulu a ionic surfactants (kuphatikiza ma cationic ndi anionic surfactants), osagwiritsa ntchito ionic, ma amphoteric surfactants, osakanikirana osakanikirana, ndi ena. Mu surfactant solutions, pamene kuchuluka kwa surfactant kufika pamtengo wina, mamolekyu a surfactant amapanga magulu osiyanasiyana olamulidwa omwe amadziwika kuti micelles. Njira yopangira ma micellization, kapena mapangidwe a micelle, ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri la mayankho a surfactant, monga momwe zinthu zambiri zofunikira zimayenderana ndi mapangidwe a micelles.
Kuchuluka komwe ma surfactants amapanga micelles mu yankho kumatchedwa Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). Micelles sali okhazikika, zozungulira; m'malo mwake, amawonetsa kusakhazikika bwino komanso kusintha kosinthika kwa mawonekedwe. Pazifukwa zina, ma surfactants amathanso kuwonetsa ma micelle state.
Zomwe Zimayambitsa CMC:
- Mapangidwe a surfactant
- Mtundu ndi kupezeka kwa zowonjezera
- Kutentha
Kuyanjana Pakati pa Ma Surfactants ndi Mapuloteni
Mapuloteni ali ndi magulu omwe si a polar, polar, ndi otsika, ndipo mamolekyu ambiri a amphiphilic amatha kuyanjana ndi mapuloteni m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kutengera ndi momwe zinthu ziliri, ma surfactants amatha kupanga ma molekyulu opangidwa mosiyanasiyana, monga ma micelles kapena reverse micelles, omwe amalumikizana mosiyana ndi mapuloteni.
Kuyanjana pakati pa mapuloteni ndi ma surfactants (Protein-Sufactant, PS) makamaka kumakhudza kuyanjana kwa electrostatic ndi hydrophobic interactions. Ionic surfactants kucheza ndi mapuloteni makamaka kudzera electrostatic mphamvu ya polar gulu ndi hydrophobic ankachita za aliphatic mpweya unyolo, kumanga ku polar ndi hydrophobic zigawo za mapuloteni, motero kupanga PS maofesi.
Ma surfactants osakhala a ionic makamaka amalumikizana ndi mapuloteni kudzera mu mphamvu za hydrophobic, pomwe maunyolo a hydrophobic amalumikizana ndi madera a hydrophobic a mapuloteni. Kuyanjanaku kungakhudze momwe zimapangidwira komanso ntchito ya surfactant ndi mapuloteni. Chifukwa chake, mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa ma surfactants, limodzi ndi chilengedwe, zimatsimikizira ngati ma surfactants amakhazikika kapena amasokoneza mapuloteni, komanso ngati amalimbikitsa kuphatikizika kapena kubalalika.
Mtengo wa HLB wa Surfactants
Kuti surfactant iwonetse zochitika zake zapadera, iyenera kulinganiza zigawo za hydrophobic ndi hydrophilic. HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance) ndi muyeso wa hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of surfactants ndipo imakhala ngati chizindikiro cha ma surfactants' hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
Mtengo wa HLB ndi mtengo wachibale (kuyambira 0 mpaka 40). Mwachitsanzo, parafini ili ndi mtengo wa HLB wa 0 (palibe hydrophilic component), polyethylene glycol ili ndi mtengo wa HLB wa 20, ndipo kwambiri hydrophilic SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) ili ndi mtengo wa HLB wa 40. Mtengo wa HLB ukhoza kukhala chiwongolero chotsogolera posankha zowonjezera. Mtengo wokwera wa HLB ukuwonetsa hydrophilicity yabwinoko, pomwe mtengo wotsika wa HLB ukuwonetsa kusauka kwamadzi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-10-2024