Malinga ndi gomelo, zopangira ma surfactants zomwe zimayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira mafuta m'madzi zili ndi mtengo wa HLB wa 3.5 mpaka 6, pomwe zopangira madzi mumafuta zimagwera pakati pa 8 mpaka 18.

② Kutsimikiza kwa Makhalidwe a HLB (osiyidwa).

07 Emulsification ndi Solubilization

An emulsion ndi dongosolo lopangidwa pamene immiscible madzi omwazika wina mu mawonekedwe a particles zabwino (madontho kapena madzi makhiristo). Emulsifier, yomwe ndi mtundu wa surfactant, ndiyofunikira pakukhazikitsa dongosolo losakhazikika la thermodynamic mwa kuchepetsa mphamvu yapakati pa nkhope. Gawo lomwe liripo mu mawonekedwe a droplet mu emulsion limatchedwa gawo lobalalika (kapena gawo lamkati), pomwe gawo lomwe limapanga wosanjikiza limatchedwa kubalalitsidwa sing'anga (kapena gawo lakunja).

① Ma Emulsifiers ndi Emulsions

Ma emulsions wamba nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi gawo limodzi ngati madzi kapena njira yamadzimadzi, ndipo enawo amakhala ngati organic, monga mafuta kapena sera. Malingana ndi kubalalitsidwa kwawo, emulsions akhoza kutchulidwa ngati madzi-mu-mafuta (W / O) kumene mafuta amamwazika m'madzi, kapena mafuta m'madzi (O / W) kumene madzi amamwazikana mu mafuta. Komanso, ma emulsion ovuta ngati W / O / W kapena O / W / O amatha kukhalapo. Ma emulsifiers amakhazikitsa ma emulsions pochepetsa kupsinjika kwapakati pa nkhope ndikupanga nembanemba ya monomolecular. Emulsifier iyenera kutsatsa kapena kudziunjikira pamalopo kuti ichepetse kupsinjika kwapakati ndikupereka ndalama ku madontho, kupanga ma electrostatic repulsion, kapena kupanga filimu yoteteza kukhuthala kwakukulu mozungulira tinthu ting'onoting'ono. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati emulsifiers ziyenera kukhala ndi magulu a amphiphilic, omwe ma surfactants angapereke.

② Njira Zokonzekera Emulsion ndi Zinthu Zomwe Zimakhudza Kukhazikika

Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zopangira ma emulsion: njira zamakina zimamwaza zakumwa kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono mumadzi ena, pomwe njira yachiwiri imaphatikizira kusungunula zamadzimadzi mumtundu wina ndikupangitsa kuti aziphatikizana moyenera. Kukhazikika kwa emulsion kumatanthauza kuthekera kwake kukana kuphatikizika kwa tinthu komwe kumabweretsa kupatukana. Emulsions ndi machitidwe osakhazikika a thermodynamically okhala ndi mphamvu zapamwamba zaulere, motero kukhazikika kwawo kumawonetsa nthawi yofunikira kuti ifike pamlingo, mwachitsanzo, nthawi yomwe madzi amasiyanitsidwa ndi emulsion. Pamene mafuta oledzeretsa, mafuta acids, ndi amines amafuta amapezeka mufilimu yolumikizana, mphamvu ya nembanemba imawonjezeka kwambiri chifukwa mamolekyu a polar organic amapanga ma complexes mu adsorbed layer, kulimbikitsa nembanemba yamkati.

Ma emulsifiers opangidwa ndi ma surfactants awiri kapena kupitilira apo amatchedwa emulsifiers osakanikirana. Osakaniza emulsifiers adsorb pa mawonekedwe madzi-mafuta, ndi maselo kucheza akhoza kupanga zovuta kuti kwambiri amachepetsa interface kusagwirizana, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa adsorbate ndi kupanga wandiweyani, wamphamvu interfaces nembanemba.

Madontho opangidwa ndi magetsi amakhudza kwambiri kukhazikika kwa emulsion. Mu emulsions okhazikika, madontho amatha kunyamula magetsi. Pamene ma emulsifiers a ionic amagwiritsidwa ntchito, mapeto a hydrophobic a ma ionic surfactants amaphatikizidwa mu gawo la mafuta, pamene mapeto a hydrophilic amakhalabe mu gawo la madzi, kupereka malipiro kwa madontho. Monga milandu pakati pa m'malovu imayambitsa kunyansidwa ndikuletsa coalescence, zomwe zimapangitsa bata. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa ayoni a emulsifier omwe amatsatiridwa pamadontho, ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwawo komanso kukhazikika kwa emulsion.

Kukhuthala kwa sing'anga yobalalika kumakhudzanso kukhazikika kwa emulsion. Nthawi zambiri, ma viscosity mediums amathandizira kukhazikika chifukwa amalepheretsa kusuntha kwa madontho a Brownian, ndikuchepetsa mwayi wogundana. Zinthu zolemera kwambiri zomwe zimasungunuka mu emulsion zimatha kuwonjezera kukhuthala kwapakati komanso kukhazikika. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zolemera kwambiri za mamolekyulu zimatha kupanga nembanemba zolimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti emulsion ikhale yokhazikika. Nthawi zina, kuwonjezera ufa wolimba kungathenso kukhazikika emulsions. Ngati tinthu tating'ono tomwe tanyowetsedwa ndi madzi ndipo titha kunyowetsedwa ndi mafuta, timasungidwa pa mawonekedwe amafuta amadzi. Mafuta olimba amatsitsimutsa emulsion mwa kukulitsa filimuyo pamene amasonkhana pamodzi, mofanana ndi ma adsorbed surfactants.

Ma Surfactants amatha kuwonjezera kusungunuka kwa zinthu zakuthupi zomwe sizisungunuka kapena kusungunuka pang'ono m'madzi ma micelles atapangidwa mu yankho. Panthawiyi, yankho likuwoneka bwino, ndipo mphamvuyi imatchedwa solubilization. Ma surfactants omwe angalimbikitse solubilization amatchedwa solubilizers, pomwe ma organic compounds omwe amasungunuka amatchedwa solubilates.

08 fumbi

Chithovu chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakutsuka. Foam imatanthawuza njira yobalalitsira mpweya womwazika mumadzi kapena olimba, ndi mpweya monga gawo lomwazika ndi madzi kapena olimba ngati sing'anga yobalalika, yotchedwa thovu lamadzi kapena thovu lolimba, monga mapulasitiki a thovu, magalasi a thovu, ndi konkriti ya thovu.

(1) Kupanga Chithovu

Mawu akuti thovu amatanthauza kusonkhanitsa kwa thovu la mpweya wolekanitsidwa ndi mafilimu amadzimadzi. Chifukwa chachikulu kachulukidwe kusiyana gasi (omwazika gawo) ndi madzi (kubalalitsidwa sing'anga), ndi otsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe amadzimadzi, mpweya thovu mwamsanga kuwuka pamwamba. Kupanga thovu kumaphatikizapo kuphatikiza mpweya wambiri mumadzimadzi; thovu ndiye mofulumira kubwerera pamwamba, kupanga akaphatikizana mpweya thovu wolekanitsidwa ndi zochepa madzi filimu. Chithovu ali awiri osiyana morphological makhalidwe: choyamba, mpweya thovu zambiri kuganiza polyhedral mawonekedwe chifukwa woonda madzi filimu pa mphambano ya thovu amakonda kukhala woonda, potsirizira pake kumabweretsa kuwira kuphulika. Chachiwiri, zamadzimadzi zoyera sizipanga thovu lokhazikika; osachepera zigawo ziwiri ziyenera kukhalapo kuti apange thovu. Yankho la surfactant ndi njira yopangira thovu yomwe mphamvu yake yotulutsa thovu imalumikizidwa ndi zina zake. Ma surfactants omwe ali ndi luso lotulutsa thovu amatchedwa "foaming agents". Ngakhale opanga thovu amawonetsa kuchita bwino kwa thovu, thovu lomwe amatulutsa silikhalitsa, kutanthauza kuti kukhazikika kwawo sikutsimikizika. Kuti chithovu chisasunthike, zinthu zomwe zimathandizira kukhazikika zitha kuwonjezeredwa; izi zimatchedwa stabilizers, ndi zokhazikika wamba kuphatikizapo lauryl diethanolamine ndi oxides wa dodecyl dimethyl amine.

(2) Chithovu Kukhazikika

Chithovu ndi thermodynamically wosakhazikika dongosolo; kupitilira kwake kwachilengedwe kumabweretsa kuphulika, motero kuchepetsa gawo lonse lamadzimadzi ndikuchepetsa mphamvu yaulere. Njira yochotsera thovu imaphatikizapo kupatulira pang'onopang'ono filimu yamadzimadzi yomwe imalekanitsa mpweya mpaka kuphulika. Mlingo wa chithovu bata makamaka ndi mlingo wa madzi ngalande ndi mphamvu ya madzi filimu. Zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi izi:

① Kupanikizika Pamwamba: Kuchokera pamalingaliro amphamvu, kugwedezeka kwapansi kumathandizira kupanga thovu koma sikutsimikizira kukhazikika kwa thovu. Kutsika kwamphamvu kwamadzi kumasonyeza kusiyana kochepa kwa mphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi azitha kuyenda pang'onopang'ono ndi kukhuthala kwa filimu yamadzimadzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti filimuyo ikhale yokhazikika.

② Surface Viscosity: Chofunikira kwambiri pakukhazikika kwa thovu ndi mphamvu ya filimu yamadzimadzi, yomwe imatsimikiziridwa ndi kulimba kwa filimu yotsatsira pamwamba, yoyezedwa ndi kukhuthala kwa pamwamba. Zotsatira zoyeserera zikuwonetsa kuti mayankho okhala ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu amatulutsa thovu lokhalitsa chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kwa ma cell mu filimu ya adsorbed yomwe imawonjezera mphamvu ya nembanemba.

③ Maonekedwe a Mawonekedwe Othetsera: Kukhuthala kwakukulu mumadzimadzi komweko kumachepetsa kukhetsa kwamadzi kuchokera mu nembanemba, motero kumatalikitsa moyo wa filimu yamadzimadzi isanaphwasuke, kumapangitsa kuti thovu likhale lokhazikika.

④ Kulimbana Kwapamtunda "Kukonza" Zochita: Ma surfactants adsorbed ku nembanemba amatha kuthana ndi kufalikira kapena kutsika kwa filimuyo; Izi zimatchedwa kukonza. Pamene surfactants adsorb kwa madzi filimu ndi kukulitsa pamwamba m'dera, amachepetsa surfactant ndende pamwamba ndi kumawonjezera padziko mavuto; Kumbali inayo, kutsika kumapangitsa kuti surfactant ichuluke pamwamba ndipo kenaka kumachepetsa kuthamanga kwapamtunda.

⑤ Kufalikira kwa Gasi Kupyolera mu Filimu Yamadzi: Chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwa capillary, thovu zing'onozing'ono zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zamkati poyerekeza ndi thovu lalikulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti gasi azifalikira kuchokera ku tinthu ting'onoting'ono tomwe timatulutsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatulutsa timadzi tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatulutsa timadontho tating'ono ting'onoting'ono ndikukula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thovu ligwe. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kosasinthasintha kwa ma surfactants kumapanga mithunzi yofanana, yogawidwa bwino komanso imalepheretsa kutulutsa thovu. Ndi ma surfactants odzaza kwambiri pafilimu yamadzimadzi, kufalikira kwa gasi kumalepheretsa, motero kumapangitsa kuti chithovu chisasunthike.

⑥ Mphamvu ya Surface Charge: Ngati filimu yamadzimadzi ya thovu ili ndi mtengo womwewo, zigawo ziwirizi zimathamangitsana, kuletsa filimuyo kuti isaope kapena kusweka. Ma Ionic surfactants atha kupereka izi zokhazikika. Mwachidule, mphamvu ya filimu yamadzimadzi ndiyomwe imapangitsa kuti chithovu chikhale chokhazikika. Ma surfactants omwe amagwira ntchito ngati thovu ndi zolimbitsa thupi amayenera kupanga mamolekyu odzaza kwambiri, chifukwa izi zimakhudza kwambiri kulumikizana kwa ma cell, kukulitsa mphamvu ya filimu yomwe ili pamwamba pake ndikuletsa kuti madzi asatuluke kuchoka ku filimu yoyandikana nayo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thovu likhale lokhazikika.

(3) Kuwonongedwa kwa Chithovu

Mfundo yofunikira pakuwonongeka kwa thovu imaphatikizapo kusintha zinthu zomwe zimatulutsa thovu kapena kuchotsa zinthu zokhazikika za thovu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zowononga thupi ndi mankhwala. Defoaming thupi limasunga mankhwala opangidwa ndi thovu yankho pamene kusintha zinthu monga kunja chisokonezo, kutentha, kapena kupanikizika kusintha, komanso akupanga mankhwala, zonse zothandiza njira kuchotsa thovu. Chemical defoaming imatanthawuza kuwonjezera kwa zinthu zina zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zotulutsa thovu kuti zichepetse mphamvu ya filimu yamadzimadzi mkati mwa thovu, kuchepetsa kukhazikika kwa thovu ndikukwaniritsa kutulutsa thovu. Zinthu zoterezi zimatchedwa defoamers, ambiri mwa iwo ndi surfactants. Ma defoamers nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kuthekera kochepetsera kugwedezeka kwapamtunda ndipo amatha kuyitanitsa pamalopo, ndikulumikizana kocheperako pakati pa mamolekyu omwe amapangidwa, motero amapanga mawonekedwe osinthika a maselo. Mitundu ya defoamer ndi yosiyana siyana, koma nthawi zambiri imakhala yopangidwa ndi nonionic surfactants, yokhala ndi ma alcohols anthambi, mafuta acids, mafuta acid ester, polyamides, phosphates, ndi mafuta a silikoni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ngati otsitsa bwino kwambiri.

(4) Chithovu ndi Kuyeretsa

Kuchuluka kwa thovu sikumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mphamvu ya kuyeretsa; chithovu zambiri sizikutanthauza kuyeretsa bwino. Mwachitsanzo, ma nonionic surfactants amatha kutulutsa thovu pang'ono kuposa sopo, koma amatha kuyeretsa bwino kwambiri. Komabe, muzochitika zina, thovu lingathandize kuchotsa litsiro; mwachitsanzo, thovu lotsuka mbale limathandizira kunyamula mafuta, pomwe kuyeretsa makapeti kumalola thovu kuchotsa litsiro ndi zowononga zolimba. Komanso, thovu limatha kuwonetsa mphamvu ya chotsukira; mafuta ochuluka kwambiri nthawi zambiri amalepheretsa kupangika kwa thovu, kuchititsa kusowa kwa thovu kapena kuchepa kwa thovu lomwe lilipo, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchepa kwa zotsukira. Kuonjezera apo, thovu likhoza kukhala chizindikiro cha ukhondo wa kuchapa, chifukwa chithovu m'madzi otsuka nthawi zambiri chimachepetsa ndi kuchepa kwa detergent.

09 Njira Yochapira

Kunena zochulukira, kutsuka ndi njira yochotsera zinthu zosafunikira pa chinthu chomwe chikutsukidwa kuti chikwaniritse cholinga china. Nthawi zambiri, kutsuka kumatanthauza kuchotsa dothi pamwamba pa chonyamuliracho. Pakutsuka, mankhwala ena (monga zotsukira) amachita kufooketsa kapena kuthetsa kuyanjana pakati pa dothi ndi chonyamulira, kusintha mgwirizano pakati pa dothi ndi chonyamulira kukhala chomangira pakati pa dothi ndi chotsukira, kulola kupatukana kwawo. Popeza kuti zinthu zoyenera kutsukidwa ndi dothi lomwe likufunika kuchotsedwa zimatha kusiyana kwambiri, kutsuka ndi njira yovuta, yomwe imatha kusinthidwa kukhala ubale wotsatirawu:

Chonyamulira • Dothi + Chotsukira = Chonyamulira + Dothi • Chotsukira. Njira yotsuka imatha kugawidwa m'magawo awiri:

1. Dothi limalekanitsidwa ndi chonyamulira pansi pa zochita za detergent;

2. Dothi lolekanitsidwa limamwazikana ndikuimitsidwa pakati. Njira yotsuka ndi yosinthika, kutanthauza kuti dothi lomwazika kapena loyimitsidwa litha kukhazikikanso pa chinthu chotsukidwacho. Chifukwa chake, zotsukira zogwira mtima sizimangofunika kutulutsa dothi kuchokera kwa chonyamulira komanso kufalitsa ndikuyimitsa dothi, kuteteza kuti lisakhazikikenso.

(1) Mitundu Yazinyalala

Ngakhale chinthu chimodzi chikhoza kuwunjikana mitundu yosiyanasiyana, zolembedwa, ndi kuchuluka kwa litsiro kutengera momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Dothi lamafuta limapangidwa makamaka ndi mafuta osiyanasiyana a nyama ndi zomera ndi mafuta amchere (monga mafuta osapsa, mafuta amafuta, phula lamakala, etc.); dothi lolimba limaphatikizapo zinthu monga mwaye, fumbi, dzimbiri, ndi mpweya wakuda. Ponena za uve wa zovala, ukhoza kuchokera ku zinsinsi za anthu monga thukuta, sebum, ndi magazi; madontho okhudzana ndi chakudya monga madontho a zipatso kapena mafuta ndi zokometsera; zotsalira zochokera ku zodzoladzola monga milomo ndi kupukuta misomali; zoipitsa mumlengalenga monga utsi, fumbi, ndi nthaka; ndi madontho owonjezera monga inki, tiyi, ndi utoto. Dothi lamitundumitundu lingagawike m'magulu olimba, amadzimadzi komanso apadera.

① Dothi Lolimba: Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino ndi monga mwaye, matope, ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta fumbi, zomwe zambiri zimakhala ndi zolipiritsa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoyipa, zomwe zimamatira mosavuta kuzinthu zamafuta. Dothi lolimba nthawi zambiri silisungunuka m'madzi koma limatha kumwazikana ndi kuyimitsidwa muzotsukira. Tinthu tating'ono kuposa 0.1μm zitha kukhala zovuta kwambiri kuchotsa.

② Dothi Lamadzi: Izi zimaphatikizapo zinthu zamafuta zomwe zimasungunuka mafuta, zomwe zimakhala ndi mafuta anyama, mafuta acids, mowa wamafuta, mafuta amchere, ndi ma oxide awo. Ngakhale mafuta a nyama ndi masamba ndi mafuta acids amatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi alkalis kupanga sopo, mafuta oledzeretsa mafuta ndi mafuta amchere samadutsa saponification koma amatha kusungunuka ndi ma alcohols, ethers, ndi organic hydrocarbons, ndipo amatha kupangidwa ndi emulsified ndikubalalitsidwa ndi zotsukira. Dothi lamafuta amadzimadzi nthawi zambiri limatsatiridwa mwamphamvu kuzinthu zamtundu wa fiber chifukwa cholumikizana mwamphamvu.

③ Dothi Lapadera: Gululi lili ndi mapuloteni, zotsekemera, magazi, ndi zobisika za anthu monga thukuta ndi mkodzo, komanso timadziti ta zipatso ndi tiyi. Zidazi nthawi zambiri zimamangiriza ku ulusi kudzera mu kuyanjana kwa mankhwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuzitsuka. Zinyalala zamitundumitundu sizipezeka paokha, m'malo mwake zimasakanizidwa ndikumatira kumtunda. Nthawi zambiri, pansi pa zisonkhezero zakunja, dothi limatha kutulutsa okosijeni, kuwola, kapena kuwola, ndikupanga mitundu yatsopano yautsi.

(2) Kumamatira Dothi

Dothi limamatirira ku zinthu monga zovala ndi khungu chifukwa cha kugwirizana pakati pa chinthucho ndi dothi. Mphamvu yomatira pakati pa dothi ndi chinthucho imatha chifukwa chomatira mwakuthupi kapena ndi mankhwala.

① Kumatira Pathupi: Kumatira dothi ngati mwaye, fumbi, ndi matope makamaka kumakhudza kusagwirizana kwakuthupi. Nthawi zambiri, dothi lamtunduwu limatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta chifukwa chomamatira mofooka, zomwe zimachokera ku mphamvu zamakina kapena zamagetsi.

A: Mechanical Adhesion**: Izi nthawi zambiri zimatanthawuza dothi lolimba ngati fumbi kapena mchenga womwe umamatira kudzera m'makina, womwe ndi wosavuta kuchotsa, ngakhale tinthu tating'ono tochepera 0.1μm ndizovuta kuyeretsa.

B: Electrostatic Adhesion**: Izi zimaphatikizapo tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timagwirizana ndi zinthu zotsutsana; Nthawi zambiri, zinthu za ulusi zimakhala ndi zinthu zoipa, zomwe zimawalola kukopa otsatira omwe ali ndi vuto ngati mchere wina. Tinthu tating'ono tambiri toyipa titha kudziunjikirabe pa ulusiwu kudzera m'milatho ya ayoni yomwe imapangidwa ndi ma ion abwino mu yankho.

② Chemical Adhesion: Izi zikutanthauza dothi kumamatira ku chinthu kudzera m'magulu amankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, dothi lolimba la polar kapena zinthu monga dzimbiri zimamatira mwamphamvu chifukwa cha zomangira zamakemikolo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi magulu ogwira ntchito monga carboxyl, hydroxyl, kapena magulu amine omwe amapezeka muzinthu zamafuta. Zomangira izi zimapanga mgwirizano wamphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuchotsa dothi lotere; mankhwala apadera angakhale ofunikira kuti ayeretse bwino. Kuchuluka kwa dothi kumamatira kumadalira zonse zomwe zili ndi dothi lokha komanso za pamwamba zomwe zimamatira.

(3) Njira Zochotsera Dothi

Cholinga cha kuchapa ndi kuchotsa dothi. Izi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamankhwala ndi mankhwala a zotsukira kufooketsa kapena kuthetsa kumamatira pakati pa dothi ndi zinthu zochapidwa, mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu zamakina (monga kuchapa pamanja, kusokoneza makina ochapira, kapena kukhudza kwamadzi), pamapeto pake kumabweretsa kulekanitsa dothi.

① Njira Yochotsera Dothi Lamadzimadzi

A: Kunyowa: Dothi lamadzi ambiri limakhala lamafuta ndipo limakonda kunyowetsa zinthu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kupanga filimu yamafuta pamwamba pawo. Gawo loyamba pakutsuka ndi ntchito ya detergent yomwe imayambitsa kunyowetsa pamwamba.
B: Njira Yochotsera Mafuta: Gawo lachiwiri lakuchotsa litsiro lamadzimadzi limachitika kudzera munjira yopukusa. Dothi lamadzimadzi lomwe limafalikira ngati filimu pamtunda pang'onopang'ono limagudubuza m'malovu chifukwa cha madzi ochapa amadzimadzi omwe amawakonda kwambiri, ndipo pamapeto pake amasinthidwa ndi madzi ochapira.

② Njira Yochotsera Dothi Lolimba

Mosiyana ndi dothi lamadzimadzi, kuchotsedwa kwa dothi lolimba kumadalira mphamvu ya madzi ochapira kunyowetsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono komanso pamwamba pa chonyamuliracho. The adsorption wa surfactants pa pamwamba dothi olimba ndi chonyamulira amachepetsa kugwirizana mphamvu, potero kutsitsa adhesion mphamvu ya dothi particles, kuwapangitsa mosavuta kuchotsa. Kuphatikiza apo, ma surfactants, makamaka ma ionic surfactants, amatha kuwonjezera mphamvu yamagetsi ya dothi lolimba ndi zinthu zapamtunda, kuthandizira kuchotsedwa kwina.

Nonionic surfactants amakonda kutsatsa pamalo olimba omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chaji ndipo amatha kupanga wosanjikiza wowoneka bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dothi likhale locheperako. Ma cationic surfactants, komabe, amatha kuchepetsa mphamvu yamagetsi yadothi ndi malo onyamulira, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwamphamvu komanso kulepheretsa kuchotsa litsiro.

③ Kuchotsa Dothi Lapadera

Zotsukira zodziwika bwino zimatha kulimbana ndi madontho amakani a mapuloteni, zowuma, magazi, ndi zotuluka m'thupi. Ma enzymes ngati ma protease amatha kuchotsa madontho a mapuloteni mwa kuphwanya mapuloteni kukhala ma amino acid osungunuka kapena ma peptide. Mofananamo, zowuma zimatha kuwola kukhala shuga ndi amylase. Lipases amatha kuwola zonyansa za triacylglycerol zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuchotsa kudzera munjira wamba. Madontho ochokera ku timadziti ta zipatso, tiyi, kapena inki nthawi zina amafuna oxidizing kapena reductants, zomwe zimayenderana ndi magulu otulutsa mitundu kuti ziwonongeke kukhala zidutswa zosungunuka m'madzi.

(4) Njira Yotsuka

Mfundo zomwe tazitchulazi zikukhudzana kwambiri ndi kutsuka ndi madzi. Komabe, chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsalu, zipangizo zina sizingayankhe bwino pakutsuka kwa madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusinthika, kutayika kwa mtundu, ndi zina zotero. Ulusi wambiri wachilengedwe umakula pamene unyowa komanso umachepa mosavuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kosayenera. Chifukwa chake, kuyeretsa kowuma, komwe nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira za organic, kumakhala kokonda kwambiri pansalu izi.

Kuyeretsa kowuma ndikocheperako poyerekeza ndi kuchapa konyowa, chifukwa kumachepetsa mawotchi omwe angawononge zovala. Pofuna kuchotsa zinyalala pakuyeretsa kowuma, dothi limagawidwa m'magulu atatu:

① Dothi Losungunuka Mafuta: Izi zimaphatikizapo mafuta ndi mafuta, omwe amasungunuka mosavuta muzosungunulira zowuma.

② Dothi Losungunuka M'madzi: Mtundu uwu ukhoza kusungunuka m'madzi koma osati muzosungunulira zouma, zomwe zimakhala ndi mchere wachilengedwe, wowuma, ndi mapuloteni, omwe amatha kunyezimira madzi akasungunuka.

③ Dothi lomwe Sili Mafuta- kapena Kusungunuka kwa Madzi: Izi zimaphatikizapo zinthu monga kaboni wakuda ndi zitsulo zachitsulo zomwe sizisungunuka mukatikati.

Mtundu uliwonse wadothi umafunikira njira zosiyanasiyana zochotsera bwino panthawi yoyeretsa youma. Dothi losungunuka ndi mafuta limachotsedwa mwadongosolo pogwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira za organic chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwake muzosungunulira zopanda polar. Kwa madontho osungunuka m'madzi, madzi okwanira ayenera kukhalapo muzitsulo zowuma chifukwa madzi ndi ofunikira kuti achotse litsiro. Tsoka ilo, popeza madzi amakhala ndi kusungunuka kochepa muzinthu zotsuka zowuma, ma surfactants nthawi zambiri amawonjezeredwa kuti athandizire kuphatikiza madzi.

Ma Surfactants amathandizira kuti madzi azitha kuyeretsa komanso amathandiza kuonetsetsa kuti zonyansa zosungunuka m'madzi zasungunuka mkati mwa micelles. Kuphatikiza apo, ma surfactants amatha kuletsa dothi kupanga madipoziti atsopano atatsuka, ndikupangitsa kuyeretsa bwino. Kuwonjezera pang'ono kwa madzi n'kofunika kuti muchotse zonyansazi, koma kuchuluka kwambiri kungayambitse kupotoza kwa nsalu, motero kumafunika madzi okwanira muzitsulo zowuma.

(5) Zomwe Zimakhudza Ntchito Yotsuka

Kutengera kwa ma surfactants pamalo olumikizirana komanso kuchepetsedwa kwa kukangana kwapakati ndikofunikira pakuchotsa dothi lamadzimadzi kapena lolimba. Komabe, kutsuka kumakhala kovuta, kutengera zinthu zambiri pamitundu yotsukira yofananira. Zinthu izi zikuphatikiza ndende ya detergent, kutentha, dothi, mitundu ya ulusi, ndi kapangidwe ka nsalu.

① Kuchulukira kwa Ma Surfactants: Micelles opangidwa ndi ma surfactants amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuchapa. Kuchapirako kumawonjezeka kwambiri pamene ndende idutsa muyeso wa micelle (CMC), chifukwa chake zotsukira ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo apamwamba kuposa CMC kuti azitsuka bwino. Komabe, zothira zotsukira pamwamba pa CMC zimabweretsa kuchepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchulukitsa kwambiri kusakhale kofunikira.

② Zotsatira za Kutentha: Kutentha kumakhudza kwambiri kuyeretsa bwino. Nthawi zambiri, kutentha kwambiri kumathandizira kuchotsa zinyalala; komabe, kutentha kwakukulu kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoipa. Kukweza kutentha kumathandizira kufalikira kwa dothi komanso kungayambitsenso dothi lamafuta kuti lisungunuke mosavuta. Komabe, munsalu zolukidwa mwamphamvu, kutentha kowonjezereka komwe kumapangitsa kuti ulusi ufufuke kungathe kuchepetsa mwadala kuchotsedwako bwino.

Kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kumakhudzanso kusungunuka kwa surfactant, CMC, ndi ma micelle, motero kumapangitsa kuyeretsa bwino. Kwa ma surfactants ambiri autali wautali, kutentha kochepa kumachepetsa kusungunuka, nthawi zina pansi pa CMC yawo; motero, kutentha koyenera kungakhale kofunikira kuti pakhale ntchito yabwino. Kutentha kwa CMC ndi ma micelles kumasiyana ndi ma ionic motsutsana ndi ma surfactants a ionic: kuonjezera kutentha kumakweza CMC ya ma ionic surfactants, motero pamafunika kusintha kokhazikika.

③ thovu: Pali lingaliro lolakwika lomwe limagwirizanitsa luso la kuchita thovu ndi kutsuka bwino - thovu lochulukirapo sililingana ndi kutsuka kwapamwamba. Umboni wotsimikizika ukuwonetsa kuti zotsukira zotsika thovu zitha kukhala zothandiza chimodzimodzi. Komabe, thovu limatha kuthandizira kuchotsa zinyalala pazinthu zina, monga kutsuka mbale, komwe thovu limathandizira kuchotsa mafuta kapena kuyeretsa makapeti, pomwe limachotsa dothi. Komanso, kukhalapo kwa thovu kumatha kuwonetsa ngati zotsukira zikugwira ntchito; mafuta ochulukirapo amatha kulepheretsa kupanga chithovu, pomwe kuchepa kwa thovu kumatanthawuza kuchepa kwa zotsukira.

④ Mtundu wa Fiber ndi Zovala Zovala: Kupitilira kapangidwe ka mankhwala, mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka ulusi zimakhudza kumamatira kwautsi ndizovuta kuchotsa. Ulusi wokhala ndi khwimbi kapena lathyathyathya, monga ubweya kapena thonje, umakonda kugwira dothi mosavuta kuposa ulusi wosalala. Nsalu zolukidwa kwambiri zimatha kukana kuchulukidwa dothi koma zimatha kulepheretsa kutsuka bwino chifukwa chosowa dothi lotsekeka.

⑤ Kuuma kwa Madzi: Kuchuluka kwa Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, ndi ma ayoni ena achitsulo kumakhudza kwambiri zotulukapo zotsuka, makamaka za anionic surfactants, zomwe zimatha kupanga mchere wosasungunuka womwe umachepetsa kuyeretsa. M'madzi olimba ngakhale okhala ndi surfactant yokwanira, kuyeretsa kumakhala kochepa poyerekeza ndi madzi osungunuka. Kuti surfactant igwire bwino ntchito, kuchuluka kwa Ca²⁺ kuyenera kuchepetsedwa kukhala pansi pa 1×10⁻⁶ mol/L (CaCO₃ pansi pa 0.1 mg/L), zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafunikira kuphatikiza zofewa zamadzi mkati mwa zotsukira.