Malinga ndi tebulo, ogwiritsa ntchito oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ngati ma emulsifiers mafuta ali ndi mtengo wa HLB wa 3.5 mpaka 6, pomwe a emulsifeya wamadzi amagwera pakati pa 8 mpaka 18.

② kutsimikiza kwa mfundo za HLB (kusiyidwa).

07 emulsization ndi solubilization

Emulsion ndi kachitidwe komwe kumapangika ngati madzi amodzi osamwa amabalalitsidwa kwina mu mawonekedwe a tinthu tating'onoting'ono (mavulo kapena makhiristo amadzimadzi). Emulsiferier, omwe ndi mtundu wa zowonjezera, ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse dongosolo la Thermadynynamical wosakhazikika pochepetsa mphamvu yazomwezi. Gawo lomwe lilipo limakhala mu mawonekedwe a Droptut mu emulsion limatchedwa sturung gawo (kapena mkati mwa gawo lokhalapo), pomwe gawo lopanga osasunthika limatchedwa kuti diars sing'anga (kapena gawo lakunja).

Ma ① emulsifiers ndi emulsions

Ma emulsions wamba nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi gawo limodzi ngati madzi kapena njira yothetsera matenda, ndipo inayo ngati mankhwala opangira mafuta, monga mafuta kapena ma sexes. Kutengera obalalika kwawo, emulsions ikhoza kukhala yolembedwa ngati mafuta am'madzi (W / O) pomwe mafuta amabalalitsidwa m'madzi, kapena madzi (o / w) madzi amamwazitsidwa mu mafuta. Komanso, ma emulsions ovuta ngati w / o / w kapena o / w / o kungakhalepo. Emulsifeerererererers amakhazikika m'mawu ochepetsa zovuta komanso kupanga monomelecular membranes. Emulsiferier ayenera ADSORB kapena kudziunjikira ku mawonekedwe ochepera kutsika ndi madontho a madontho, omwe amapanga ma elentrostatic, kapena amapanga filimu yoteteza mafayilo ozungulira. Zotsatira zake, zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma emulsifieers zizikhala zazitali, zomwe zimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito.

Njira za Emulsion Kukonzekera ndi Zinthu Zomwe Zimapangitsa Kukhazikika

Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zokopera emulsions: Njira zomangira zimabalalitsa zakumwa zazing'ono m'madzi ena, pomwe njira yachiwiri imaphatikizapo kusungunula zakumwa m'matumba ena mwa ena ndikuwapangitsa kuti azigwirizana moyenera. Kukhazikika kwa emulsion kumatanthauza kuthekera kwake kukana kuphatikizika kwa tinthu komwe kumatsogolera kwa gawo lolekanitsa. Emulsions ndi njira zosakhazikika zomwe zimakhazikika mphamvu zapamwamba zaulere, motero kukhazikika kwawo kumawonetsa kuti nthawi yokwanira kufikira kufanana, mwachitsanzo, nthawi yomwe imafunikira madzi olekanitsidwa ndi emulsion. Mankhwala owawa, mafuta acids, ndi ma amines amapezeka mu filimu yolumikizira, nembanemba ya membrane imachulukitsa chifukwa por's mamolekyulu orsorbed adder, imalimbikitsanso membrane.

Emulsifierers opangidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mafuta awiri kapena kupitilira apo amatchedwa emulsifiers yosakanikirana. Emulsifiers Adsorb pa mawonekedwe a mafuta am'madzi, ndipo njira zosinthira zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri, zomwe zimakulitsa kuchuluka kwa Adsorbate ndikupanga membracial nembanemba.

Madontho olipiritsa oyimbidwa moyenera bwino amathandizira kukhazikika kwa emulsions. Mu emulsions okhazikika, mazira nthawi zambiri amanyamula magetsi. Ma emulsifiiers a Ionic amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ma hydrophobic kumapeto kwa ionic surfactonts amaphatikizidwa mu gawo la mafuta, pomwe ma hydrophilic kumapeto kwa madzi, akuwongolera pamadontho. Monga zolipiritsa pakati pa madontho zimayambitsa kunyadira ndikupewa zogawanika, zomwe zimawonjezera bata. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa emulsifier ma ionssorbed pa madontho, okwera kwambiri ndi kukhazikika kwa emulsion.

Maonekedwe a kubalalika kwa obalalika kumakhudzanso emulsion. Nthawi zambiri, ma virus a viscress akusintha amasintha chifukwa amalimba kwambiri kusuntha madontho a maluwa, ndikuchepetsa mwayi wogundana. Zinthu zochulukitsa zolemera kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ku Emulsion imatha kuwonjezera ma vincle a ma vincle ndi kukhazikika. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zam'madzi zam'madzi kwambiri zimatha kupanga ma nembanemba aboma, zimalimbikitsa emulsion. Nthawi zina, kuwonjezera ufa wolimba kumatha kukhazikika mofananira. Ngati tinthu tokhazikika timanyowa kwathunthu ndi madzi ndipo zitha kunyozedwe ndi mafuta, zidzasungidwa pamawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Ma ufa olimba amakhazikika powonjezera kanemayo m'mene amasambirana pamalowo, monga momwe amapangira mafuta okonda.

Ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kukulitsa kusungunuka kwa organic mankhwala omwe ndi okhazikika kapena osungunuka pang'ono m'madzi atakhazikika mu yankho. Pakadali pano, njira yothetsera vutoli ikuwonekera momveka bwino, ndipo kuthekera uku kumangiriza kusungunuka. Zogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimatha kulimbikitsa Sotubolition imatchedwa omutcha kuti amasungunuka, pomwe opangira zachilengedwe omwe amafalitsidwa amatchulidwa ngati solubilates.

08 thovu

Chiwindi chimachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pakutsuka njira. Chiwindi chimatanthawuza dongosolo lofalitsidwa ndi madzi obalalitsidwa mu madzi kapena olimba, ndi mpweya ngati gawo lobalalika, lomwe limadziwika kuti pulasitiki, galasi loyaka, ndi simenti ya foam.

(1) mapangidwe achiponda

Liwu la chithovu limatanthawuza kusonkhanitsa kwa thovu la mpweya wopatulidwa ndi mafilimu amadzi. Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mpweya (womwazika gawo) ndi madzi (obalalika) Kupanga thovu kumaphatikizapo kuphatikizira mafuta ambiri mu madzi; Maguluwo kenako akubwereranso pamwamba, ndikupanga gulu logawika la mafupa olekanitsidwa ndi filimu yochepa yamadzimadzi. Chithovu chili ndi mikhalidwe iwiri yosiyana: Choyamba, ma thovu amafuta nthawi zambiri amaganiza mawonekedwe a polyfietral mawonekedwe chifukwa filimu yamadzi yocheperako pamtunda wa thovu limakhala locheperako, pamapeto pake zimatsogolera ku kung'ung'uza kumverera. Chachiwiri, zakumwa zonse sizingapange chithovu; Osachepera awiri omwe ayenera kupezeka kuti apange chithovu. Njira yothetsera vuto ili ndi njira yopanga chithovu cha thovu yomwe kulumikizidwa kumalumikizidwa ndi zinthu zina. Okonda ndi luso labwino lotchedwa ogwiritsira ntchito thonje. Ngakhale ovala zojambulajambula akuwonetsa kuthekera kosavuta, thovu lomwe amatulutsa silingakhale lalitali, kutanthauza kukhazikika kwawo sikutanthauza kuti. Kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika kwa thovu, zinthu zomwe zimakulitsa kukhazikikakwa; Awa ndi okhazikika okhazikika, omwe ali ndi okhazikika wamba kuphatikiza Laryl Tellhalamine ndi oxide a dodecyl Dimethyl Amine.

(2) Kukhazikika kwa chiphona

Chithovu ndi njira yopanda pake; Kukula kwake kwachilengedwe kumatsogolera ku kututa, motero kuchepetsanso madziwo ndikuchepetsa mphamvu yaulere. Njira yolowerera imaphatikizapo kupatulira pang'onopang'ono kwa mafilimu amadzimadzi olekanitsa mpweya mpaka kung'ambika kumachitika. Mlingo wa kukhazikika kwa chiphona umatengeka ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi amadzimadzi ndi mphamvu yamadzimadzi. Zolinga zamphamvu zimaphatikizapo:

Zovuta zapadziko lonse: Kuchokera pazinthu zamphamvu, kutsika kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kwa chiwindi koma sikutsimikizira kukhala ndi thovu. Kuchepa kotsika kumawonetsa kupanikizika kocheperako, kumapangitsa kuti pang'onopang'ono ngalande yamadzimadzi komanso kukula kwa filimu yamadzi, yomwe zonse zimakonda kukhazikika.

Kukhazikika kwa mawonekedwe: Chofunikira kwambiri mu fubi lokhazikika ndi mphamvu yamadzimadzi, makamaka yotsimikiza ndi kulimba kwa filimu ya Adsororption, yoyesedwa ndi mawonekedwe akumwamba. Zotsatira zoyeserera zimawonetsa kuti njira zothetsera mafayilo apamwamba zimabweretsa chithovu chamilankhule chifukwa cha njira zolimbikitsira pa filimu yoyesedwa kwambiri yomwe imakulitsa mphamvu.

③ Funso la Masulukidwe

④ Kusanza kwambiri "Kukonza" Kukonza: Ourcatorts Adsorbed ku nembaner angalimbana ndi kukula kapena kuphatikizidwa kwa filimuyo; Izi zimatchedwa kuti kukonza. Pamene orfactont Adsorb filimu yamadzi ndikuwonjezera malo ake, izi zimachepetsa kwambiri ndende zapamwamba ndikuwonjezera kusokonezeka kwakumaso; Mosakhazikika, kuphatikizidwa kumayambitsa kuchuluka kwa zochulukitsa kwambiri pamtunda ndipo pambuyo pake kumachepetsa mavuto.

⑤ Kusokonezeka kwa mpweya kudzera mu filimu yamadzimadzi: Chifukwa cha zovuta za capillary, thovu laling'ono limakhala ndi kukakamizidwa kwapamwamba kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ma bubble ang'onoang'ono kuti akule. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa orfackettonts kumapangitsa yunifolomu, kumagawidwa bwino thovu ndipo zimalepheretsa kuwongolera. Ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zolimba kwambiri pa filimu yamadzi, kusakanitsira kwa mpweya kumalepheretsedwa, motero kukulitsa chikho cha chiopsezo.

Kubwezeretsa kwamphamvu: Ionic magarufactonts amatha kupereka izi zolimbitsa thupi. Mwachidule, mphamvu ya filimu yamadzimadzi ndiyo njira yofunikira yodziwitsa za thovu. Ogwiritsa ntchito ngati omenyedwa ndi okhazikika amayenera kupanga mamolekyulu odzaza, chifukwa izi zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu zam'manja ziziyenda mosiyanasiyana, zimalepheretsa madzi oyandikana nawo.

(3) Kuwonongeka kwa thovu

Mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya chiwonongeko imaphatikizapo kusintha mikhalidwe yomwe imabala chithovu kapena kuthetsa zinthu zokhazikika za chithovu, zomwe zimayambitsa njira zakuthupi komanso zamagetsi. Kuwonongeka kwakuthupi kumasunga mawonekedwe a chithovu cha thovu pomwe kusintha mikhalidwe ngati chisokonezo chakunja, kutentha, kapena kusintha kwa kuponderezana, komanso njira zonse zothandiza pochotsa chithovu. Kubera mankhwala kumatanthauza kuwonjezera zinthu zina zomwe zimalumikizana ndi othandizira kuti muchepetse mphamvu yamadzimadzi mkatikati, ndikuchepetsa kukhazikika kwa thovu komanso kukwaniritsa kumasula. Zinthu zoterezi zimatchedwa decomers, ambiri mwazomwe amawakonda. Defotarrs nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kuthekera kokwanira kuchepetsa kusokonezeka kwa mawonekedwe ndipo amatha kukhala osakanikirana ndi mabeto ofooka pakati pa mamolekyulu opangidwa molekyu. Mitundu ya Decomer imasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala osazindikira, ndi mowa wambiri, mafuta acids acid, ma possone, ndi mafuta a silinicle omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino.

(4.) thonje ndi kuyeretsa

Kuchuluka kwa chithovu sikugwirizanitsa mwachindunji ndi mphamvu yoyeretsa; Zithonda zambiri sizitanthauza kuyeretsa bwino. Mwachitsanzo, ogwiritsa ntchito osagwirizana amatha kubweretsa thovu pang'ono kuposa sopo, koma atha kukhala ndi mwayi woyeretsa kwambiri. Komabe, m'mikhalidwe ina, chithovu amatha kuthandiza kuchotsedwa kwa dothi; Mwachitsanzo, thonje kuchokera kutsuka mbale amathandizira pakunyamula mafuta, pomwe kuyeretsa matepe kumalola chithovu kuti chichotse dothi komanso zodetsa zodetsa. Komanso, chithovu chimatha kusaina mphamvu ya zotsekemera; Mafuta ochulukirapo nthawi zambiri amalepheretsa kunenepa, kumapangitsa kuti kusowa kwa chithovu kapena kuchepetsa chithovu chomwe chilipo, chikuwonetsa chithotho chomwe chilipo, chikuwonetsa chithotho chosakhalapo. Kuphatikiza apo, chithovu chitha kukhala chizindikiritso cha ukhondo wokutira, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa thovu mu kutsuka madzi kumachepetsa ndi zotsekemera zotsika kwambiri.

Kusambitsa 09

Kulankhula bwino, kutsuka ndi njira yochotsera zigawo zosafunikira kuchokera ku kutsukidwa kuti kukwaniritsa cholinga china. M'magawo wamba, kutsuka kumatanthauza kuchotsedwa kwa dothi kuchokera pansi pa chonyamulira. Mukatsuka, zinthu zina zamankhwala (monga zotchinga) zimafooketsa kapena kuchotsa kulumikizana pakati pa dothi ndi chonyamuliracho, kusinthitsa mgwirizano pakati pa dothi ndi zotsekemera, kulola kupatukana kwawo. Popeza kuti zinthuzo ziyeretsedwe ndi dothi lomwe likusowa kuchotsa zomwe zingasinthe, kuchapa ndi njira yovuta, yomwe imatha kukhala yosavuta mu ubale wotsatira:

Wonyamula • Wonyowa + wofiirira = dothi laonyamula + • chotchinga. Njira yotsuka imatha kugawidwa magawo awiri:

1. Dothi limalekanitsidwa ndi chonyamulira pansi pa zoyikapo;

2. Chitsime cholekanitsidwa chimabalalika ndikuyimitsidwa pakati. Njira yotsuka imasinthidwa, kutanthauza kubadwa kapena kuyimitsidwa dothi kukhazikikanso ku chinthu chotsukidwa. Chifukwa chake, zowonjezera zowonjezera sizingofunika kungochotsa dothi kuchokera ku chonyamulira komanso kuchotsa malo ndikuimitsa dothi, kupewa kuti lisasinthe.

(1) Mitundu ya dothi

Ngakhale chinthu chimodzi chimatha kudziunjikira mitundu, nyimbo, ndi dothi motengera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mafuta oivala amakhala ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana ndi mafuta amafuta ndi mafuta amchere (ngati mafuta osanunkhira, mafuta a mafuta, etc.); Hadi yolimba imaphatikizapo nkhani ya tinthu monga soot, fumbi, dzimbiri, ndi kaboni. Ponena za zovala zovala, zimatha kuchokera ku zinsinsi za anthu ngati thukuta, sebum, ndi magazi; Madontho okhudzana ndi chakudya ngati zipatso kapena madontho a mafuta ndi zokometsera; zotsalira zodzikongoletsera monga milomo ndi misomali; Zoyipitsa zakuthambo ngati utsi, fumbi, ndi nthaka; ndi madontho owonjezera ngati inki, tiyi, ndi utoto. Matalala osiyanasiyana amatha kugawidwa m'magulu olimba, amadzimadzi, komanso mitundu yapadera.

Matalala cholimba: Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo soti, matope, ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono tambiri, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi milandu - nthawi zambiri imatsatira zinthu zowoneka bwino. Matalala cholimba nthawi zambiri amasungunuka m'madzi koma amatha kubalalika ndikuyimitsidwa. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tinthu tating'ono 0.1μm tingakhale ovuta kwambiri kuchotsa.

DZIKO LAPANSI: Izi zimaphatikizapo zinthu zamafuta osungunuka mafuta, mafuta amoyo, mafuta acids, mafuta am'madzi, ndi okumwa. Pomwe nyama ndi masamba ndi mafuta acid amatha kuchita ndi alkalis kuti apange sopo, mowa wamafuta ndi mafuta a mchere osasungunuka ndi mowa, ndipo amatha kusinthidwa ndi zotumphukira. Dothi lamadzimadzi limatupa nthawi zambiri limakhazikika ku zinthu zazing'ono chifukwa cha zokambirana zamphamvu.

Itsitsani dothi lapadera: Gawo ili limakhala ndi mapuloteni, ming'alu, magazi, komanso zinsinsi za anthu ngati thukuta komanso mkodzo, timadziti a tiyi. Zinthuzi nthawi zambiri zimamangirira mwamphamvu ku ulusi kudzera munjira zamankhwala, zimapangitsa kuti azitha kutsuka. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dothi simakhala yokhayokha, m'malo mwake amasakaniza pamodzi ndikumatsatira mogwirizana. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zakunja, dothi limatha maxidize, kuwola, kapena kuwola, ndikupanga mitundu yatsopano ya dothi.

(2) Kutsatira Handion

Handi imamira ku zinthu ngati zovala ndi khungu chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwina pakati pa chinthu ndi uve. Mphamvu yolumikizana pakati pa dothi ndipo chinthucho chimatha chifukwa cha kutsatira thupi kapena mankhwala.

Kutsatira kwa thupi: Kumatira kwa dothi ngati soot, fumbi, ndi matope ambiri zimaphatikizaponso kufooka. Nthawi zambiri, mitundu iyi imatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta chifukwa cha kutsatira kwawo kwawo, komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha magetsi kapena magetsi.

A: Zithunzi zotsatsa **: Izi zimangotanthauza fumbi lolimba ngati fumbi kapena mchenga womwe umatsatira njira zosinthika, ngakhale ndi zosavuta kuzichotsa, ngakhale zitakhala zocheperako.

B: Zotsatsira zamagetsi **: Izi zimaphatikizapo tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayenderana ndi zida zophatikizira; Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zowoneka bwino zimanyamula zosemphana ndi mavuto, zomwe zimawathandiza kukopa otsatira enieni monga mchere. Tinthu tosakwiya tomwe timatha kusonkhanitsa izi pa ulusiwu kudzera m'mabatani a ionic opangidwa ndi ma ions yabwino mu yankho.

② Kutsatsa kwa mankhwala: Izi zimatanthawuza kutsata chinthu ku chinthu kudzera pamalumikizidwe a mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, poar yolimba yolimba kapena zida ngati dzimbiri zimakonda kutsatira zolimba za mankhwala omwe zimapangidwa ndi magulu a Carboxyl monga ma carboxyl, hydroxyl, kapena magulu a Amine omwe amapezeka mu zinthu zowoneka bwino. Maboti awa amapanga mgwirizano wamphamvu, kupangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuchotsa dothi lotere; Mankhwala apadera atha kukhala ofunikira kuyeretsa bwino. Mulingo wazotsatsa dothi zimatengera zonse za dothi lokha ndipo limamutsatira.

(3) Maziko a kuchotsedwa kwadothi

Cholinga chochapira ndikuchotsa dothi. Izi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zowonongeka kuti afooketse kapena kuchotsa zitsamba pakati pa dothi ndi zinthu zotsukidwa, zokutira zamakina, kapena kusintha kwamadzi), pamapeto pake zimatsogolera ku kulekanitsa dothi.

① imagwirira madzi amadzimadzi

A: kunyowa: dothi lomwe limadetsedwa limakhala ndi mafuta ndipo limakhala ndi zonyowa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndikupanga filimu yamafuta pamtunda wawo. Gawo loyamba kutsuka ndi njira yoyimitsa yomwe imayambitsa kunyowa kwa nthaka.
B: Rollup makina kuchotsa mafuta: Gawo lachiwiri la madzi okwanira dothi limachitika kudzera mu rolllup. Mafuta amadzimadzi omwe amafalikira ngati kanema pamtunda pang'onopang'ono amalowa m'malo mwa mavulo chifukwa cha kutsuka kwamadzimadzi, pamapeto pake kusinthidwa ndi kusamba kwamadzi.

② imagwirizanitsa kuwonongeka koyenera

Mosiyana ndi dothi lamadzimadzi, kuchotsedwa kwa dothi lolimba kumadalira kuthekera kwa madzi othira dothi komanso pamwamba pazinthu zonyamula. Adsororption ya odenda pamiyeso pamiyendo yolimba ndipo onyamula amachepetsa kulumikizana kwawo, poyerekeza ndi mphamvu yotsatsa kwa tizinthu, zimapangitsa kuti azitha kuchotsa. Kuphatikiza apo, okonda maoni, makamaka ionic surfacylants, imatha kuwonjezera mphamvu yamatope yolimba ndi zinthu zapamwamba, zimathandizira kuchotsedwa kwina.

Ogwiritsa ntchito osagwirizana amakonda ADSORB nthawi zambiri imakhala yolimba kwambiri ndipo imatha kupanga chosanjikiza chofunikira kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zichepetse utsi. Komabe, azigwiritsa ntchito magetsi, komabe, amachepetsa mphamvu yamagetsi komanso yonyamula, yomwe imatsogolera kuchepetsedwa kuchotsedwa kwadothi.

Kuchotsa dothi lapadera

Zoyala zimatha kulimbana ndi madontho ouma khosi a mapuloteni, nyenyezi, magazi, ndi kutupa thupi. Michere ngati mapuloteni amatha kuchotsa madontho mapu la mapuloteni pakuphwanya mapuloteni mu solble acid kapena nsonga. Momwemonso, nyenyezi zitha kuwongoleredwa ku shuga ndi amylase. Litoses imatha kuthandizira kuwola zodetsa zazing'onongo zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuchotsa njira wamba. Madontho amagawo a zipatso, tiyi, kapena inki nthawi zina amafunikira othandizira kapena amasunga ndi magulu opangira utoto kuti adzipangitse zidutswa zamitundu yambiri.

(4) makina oyeretsa

Zowonera zomwe zatchulidwa kale zimatsuka ndi madzi. Komabe, chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsalu, zipangizo zina sizingayankhe bwino kusamba madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisambitsa madzi, kuwonongeka kwa utoto, ndi zina zambiri zokuza, zomwe zimatsogolera mosavuta. Chifukwa chake, kuyeretsa kowuma, kugwiritsa ntchito ma solfordic, nthawi zambiri kumakondedwa ndi zolembedwazi.

Kuyeretsa kowuma ndi kufatsa poyerekeza ndi kuchapa konyowa, chifukwa kumachepetsa mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zitha kuwononga zovala. Kuti muchotsere zinyalala pakutsuka kowuma, dothi limaphatikizidwa m'mitundu itatu yayikulu:

Matalabwi osungunuka mafuta: Izi zimaphatikizapo mafuta ndi mafuta, omwe amasungunuka mosabisa mu zouma zotsuka.

Matala osungunuka-seti: Mtundu uwu umatha kusungunuka m'madzi koma osati mu zotsuka zotsuka, kuphatikizira mchere wambiri, nyenyezi, ndi mapuloteni, zomwe zimatha kuphuka madzi.

③ Doide yemwe si mafuta- kapena subleble: Izi zimaphatikizapo zinthu ngati zitsulo zakuda komanso zosavomerezeka zomwe sizisungunuka mu sing'anga.

Mtundu uliwonse wamiseche umafuna njira zosiyanasiyana kuti muchotsedwe mwaluso pakuyeretsa. Mafuta osungunuka ndi mafuta amachotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma soric solution chifukwa cha kusungunuka kosintha kwambiri kwa omwe sawangunuka. Madontho osungunuka osungunuka, madzi okwanira ayenera kupezeka mu malonda otsukidwa popeza madzi ndiofunikira kuchotsedwa kwa dart. Tsoka ilo, popeza madzi ali ndi kusungunuka kocheperako pakutsuka kowuma, maorfaforts nthawi zambiri amawonjezeredwa kuti athandize kuphatikiza madzi.

Zowonjezera zimawonjezera kuthekera kwa madzi ndikuthandizira kuonetsetsa kusasinthika kwa zosungunulira mkati mwa micheel. Kuphatikiza apo, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuyika dothi kuti lisapange madiponsi atsopano mutatsuka, kukulitsa kuyeretsa. Kuwonjezera pang'ono kwamadzi ndikofunikira kuti tichotse zonyansa izi, koma kuchuluka kwambiri kumatha kubweretsa kuwonongeka kwa nsalu, kumathandizanso madzi okwanira kukonza zopukutira zotsuka.

(5) Zinthu zimalepheretsa kusamba

Adsorption ya surfaforts pa mawonekedwe ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa zovuta zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta ndizofunikira kwambiri pochotsa dothi kapena dothi lolimba. Komabe, kutsuka ndi kovuta mwamphamvu, kumatengera zinthu zingapo zomwe zimachitikanso mitundu yofananayo. Izi zimaphatikizapo zovuta zowoneka bwino, kutentha, malo odyera, mitundu ya fiber, ndi mawonekedwe a nsalu.

① Kukhazikika kwa ogwiritsa ntchito: Miclesles adapangidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito amasewera gawo lofunika pakutsuka. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kumawonjezeka kwambiri mukangochulukitsa kwambiri michenje yovuta (cmc), chifukwa chokwanira kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamiyeso yokwera kuposa kutsuka kogwira mtima. Komabe, zowononga zowonongeka pamwamba pa CMC zimathandizira kubweza, ndikupanga kuchuluka kwa ndende kwambiri.

Kutentha kumakhala ndi mphamvu yoyeretsa. Nthawi zambiri, matenthedwe apamwamba amathandizira kuchotsedwa kwa dart; Komabe, kutentha kwambiri kumatha kukhala ndi zovuta. Kukweza kutentha kumakhala kutsatsa dispertion disperpenti ndipo kungayambitsenso dothi la mafuta kuti lisinthe mosavuta. Komabe, mu nsalu yolumikizidwa mwamphamvu, kutentha kwambiri kumapangitsa ulusi kutupa kumatha kuchepetsa kuchotsa ntchito.

Kusandulika Kutentha kumakhudzanso kusandulika kosinthika, masentimita, ndi michere, motero amathandizira kuyeretsa mphamvu. Kwa okonda kwambiri, kutentha kotsika kumachepetsa kusungunuka, nthawi zina pansi pa masentimita awo; Chifukwa chake, kutentha koyenera kumafunikira kuti mugwire ntchito yoyenera. Kutha kwa kutentha kwa cmc ndi ma micleles kumasiyana neonis motsutsana ndi osagwirizana: Kuchulukitsa kutentha nthawi zambiri kumakweza cmc kwa ionic suoctaltonts.

③ Chidani: Pali malingaliro olakwika ofala kulumikizana ndi kuthekera kotsuka-kutsuka kwamphamvu - chithovu kwambiri sichingasambe bwino. Umboni wopatsa chidwi unena kuti zotchinga zotsika kwambiri zitha kukhala zothandiza chimodzimodzi. Komabe, chithovu chikhoza kuthandizira kuchotsedwa kwa dothi m'mapulogalamu ena, monga mu kusatsuka, komwe chithotho chimathandizira kusuta mafuta kapena kuyeretsa ma capet, pomwe imakweza dothi. Komanso, kukhalapo kwa chithovu kumatha kuwonetsa ngati zotsekemera zikugwira ntchito; Mafuta owonjezera amatha kuyika mapangidwe achikopa, pomwe kuchepetsa chithovu kumatsikira kuchepetsedwa.

Mtundu wa mtundu wa ④ fiber: Kupatula kapangidwe ka mankhwala, mawonekedwe ndi bungwe la ulusi limasonkhetsa zotsatsa ndi kuchotsa zovuta. Zingwe zokhala ndi zojambula zolimba kapena zathyathyathya, monga ubweya kapena thonje, amakonda kung'amba dothi mosavuta kuposa ulusi wosalala. Zovala zopakidwa kwambiri zitha kukana kudzikundikira kwa dothi koma imalepheretsa kusamba koyenera chifukwa chokwanira kuti ukhale dothi.

- Kulimba kwamadzi: MGD M'madzi olimba ngakhale osakhazikika, oyeretsa mphamvu amagwera amafupikitsidwa poyerekeza ndi madzi osungunuka. Kuti mukhale ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, kukhazikika kwa cawo.