Zamkatimu Za Nkhaniyi:
1. Kukula kwa Amino Acids
2. Zomangamanga
3. Mankhwala opangidwa
4. Gulu
5. Kaphatikizidwe
6. Physicochemical katundu
7. Poizoni
8. Antimicrobial ntchito
9. Makhalidwe a Rheological
10. Ntchito mu makampani zodzoladzola
11. Kugwiritsa ntchito zodzoladzola za tsiku ndi tsiku
Amino Acid Surfactants (AAS)ndi gulu la surfactants opangidwa ndi kaphatikizidwe magulu hydrophobic ndi mmodzi kapena angapo amino Acids. Pankhaniyi, ma amino Acid akhoza kupanga kapena anachokera ku mapuloteni hydrolysates kapena magwero ofanana zongowonjezwdwa. Pepalali limafotokoza tsatanetsatane wa njira zambiri zopangira AAS ndi zotsatira za njira zosiyanasiyana pamagulu a physicochemical azinthu zomaliza, kuphatikiza kusungunuka, kukhazikika kwabalalika, kawopsedwe komanso kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe. Monga gulu la surfactants pakufunika kowonjezereka, kusinthasintha kwa AAS chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo osinthika kumapereka mwayi wambiri wamalonda.
Popeza kuti surfactants amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zotsukira, emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, tertiary mafuta kuchira ndi mankhwala, ofufuza sanasiye kulabadira surfactants.
Ma Surfactants ndi mankhwala omwe amaimira kwambiri omwe amadyedwa mochuluka tsiku ndi tsiku padziko lonse lapansi ndipo akhala ndi zotsatira zoipa pa chilengedwe cha m'madzi.Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala opangira ma surfactants achikhalidwe kumatha kuwononga chilengedwe.
Masiku ano, kusakhala kawopsedwe, kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe komanso kuyanjana kwachilengedwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa ogula monga momwe zimagwirira ntchito komanso magwiridwe antchito a ma surfactants.
Ma biosurfactants ndi otetezeka ku chilengedwe omwe amapangidwa mwachilengedwe ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono monga mabakiteriya, bowa, ndi yisiti, kapena zobisika kunja kwa cell.Chifukwa chake, ma biosurfactants amathanso kukonzedwa ndi mapangidwe a maselo kuti atsanzire zinthu zachilengedwe za amphiphilic, monga phospholipids, alkyl glycosides ndi acyl Amino Acids.
Ma Amino Acid surfactants (AAS)ndi amodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimapangidwira, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa kuchokera ku nyama kapena zopangira zaulimi. Pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi, AAS yakopa chidwi chachikulu kuchokera kwa asayansi monga owonetsa zatsopano, osati chifukwa chakuti amatha kupangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zongowonjezwdwa, komanso chifukwa AAS imawonongeka mosavuta komanso imakhala ndi zinthu zopanda vuto, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala otetezeka kwa chilengedwe.
AAS angatanthauzidwe ngati kalasi ya surfactants yomwe ili ndi Amino Acids yomwe ili ndi magulu a Amino Acid (HO 2 C-CHR-NH 2) kapena zotsalira za Amino Acid (HO 2 C-CHR-NH-). Zigawo ziwiri zogwira ntchito za Amino Acids zimalola kuti pakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma surfactants. Ma Amino Acid 20 okwana 20 amadziwika kuti alipo m'chilengedwe ndipo ali ndi udindo pazochitika zonse za thupi pakukula ndi zochitika pamoyo. Amasiyana wina ndi mzake kokha malinga ndi zotsalira R (Chithunzi 1, pk a ndi logarithm yoipa ya asidi dissociation nthawi zonse yankho). Zina ndi zopanda polar ndi hydrophobic, zina ndi polar ndi hydrophilic, zina ndizofunika ndipo zina zimakhala za acidic.
Chifukwa ma Amino Acid ndi zinthu zongowonjezedwanso, zopangira ma amino Acid zimakhalanso ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kokhazikika komanso kusamala zachilengedwe. Mapangidwe osavuta komanso achilengedwe, kawopsedwe kakang'ono komanso kuwonongeka msanga kwa biodegradability nthawi zambiri zimawapangitsa kukhala apamwamba kuposa ma surfactants wamba. Pogwiritsa ntchito zopangira zongowonjezwdwa (monga ma Amino Acid ndi mafuta a masamba), AAS imatha kupangidwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zaukadaulo ndi njira zama mankhwala.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, ma Amino Acids adapezeka koyamba kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magawo ang'onoang'ono popanga ma surfactants.AAS ankagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati zotetezera mu mankhwala ndi zodzoladzola.Kuphatikiza apo, AAS adapezeka kuti ali ndi biologically yolimbana ndi mabakiteriya oyambitsa matenda, zotupa, ndi ma virus. Mu 1988, kupezeka kwa AAS yotsika mtengo kunapangitsa chidwi cha kafukufuku pazochita zapamtunda. Masiku ano, ndi chitukuko cha biotechnology, ma Amino Acid ena amathanso kupangidwa malonda pamlingo waukulu ndi yisiti, zomwe zimatsimikizira mosapita m'mbali kuti kupanga kwa AAS ndikokondera kwambiri chilengedwe.
01 Kukula kwa Amino Acids
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, pamene ma Amino Acids opezeka mwachilengedwe adapezeka koyamba, zida zake zidanenedweratu kuti ndizofunika kwambiri - zogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zopangira ma amphiphiles. Kafukufuku woyamba pa kaphatikizidwe ka AAS adanenedwa ndi Bondi mu 1909.
Mu phunziroli, N-acylglycine ndi N-acylalanine adayambitsidwa ngati magulu a hydrophilic kwa opangira ma surfactants. Ntchito yotsatira idakhudza kaphatikizidwe ka lipoAmino Acids (AAS) pogwiritsa ntchito glycine ndi alanine, ndi Hentrich et al. adafalitsa mndandanda wazotsatira,kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba kwa patent, kugwiritsa ntchito acyl sarcosinate ndi mchere wa acyl aspartate ngati zopangira zinthu zoyeretsera m'nyumba (monga shampo, zotsukira ndi zotsukira mano).Pambuyo pake, ofufuza ambiri adafufuza za kaphatikizidwe ndi physicochemical katundu wa acyl amino Acids. Mpaka pano, zolemba zambiri zasindikizidwa pa kaphatikizidwe, katundu, ntchito zamafakitale ndi kuwonongeka kwa biodegradability kwa AAS.
02 Katundu Wamapangidwe
Unyolo wa non-polar hydrophobic fatty acid wa AAS ukhoza kukhala wosiyana mu kapangidwe, kutalika kwa unyolo ndi nambala.Kusiyanasiyana kwamapangidwe ndi zochitika zapamwamba za AAS zimafotokozera kusiyanasiyana kwawo kosiyanasiyana komanso ma physicochemical and biological properties. Magulu akuluakulu a AAS amapangidwa ndi Amino Acids kapena peptides. Kusiyanitsa kwa magulu amutu kumatsimikizira kutsatsa, kuphatikizika ndi zochitika zamoyo za opitilira awa. Magulu ogwira ntchito mu gulu lamutu ndiye amazindikira mtundu wa AAS, kuphatikizapo cationic, anionic, nonionic, ndi amphoteric. Kuphatikiza kwa hydrophilic Amino Acids ndi hydrophobic unyolo wautali magawo amapanga mawonekedwe amphiphilic omwe amapangitsa molekyulu kukhala yogwira ntchito kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kukhalapo kwa maatomu a kaboni asymmetric mu molekyulu kumathandizira kupanga mamolekyu a chiral.
03 Chemical Mapangidwe
Ma Peptides ndi Polypeptides onse ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi Polymerization za pafupifupi 20 α-Proteinogenic α-Amino Acids. Zonse za 20 α-Amino Acids zili ndi gulu logwira ntchito la carboxylic acid (-COOH) ndi gulu la amino (-NH 2), onse ophatikizidwa ku tetrahedral α-carbon atomu. Ma Amino Acids amasiyana wina ndi mzake ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a R omwe amaphatikizidwa ku α-carbon (kupatula lycine, pamene gulu la R ndi haidrojeni.) Magulu a R akhoza kusiyana mu kapangidwe, kukula ndi malipiro (acidity, alkalinity). Kusiyanaku kumatsimikiziranso kusungunuka kwa ma amino acid m'madzi.
Ma Amino Acid ndi chiral (kupatulapo glycine) ndipo amagwira ntchito mwachilengedwe chifukwa ali ndi zolowa zinayi zosiyana zolumikizidwa ndi alpha carbon. Ma Amino Acids ali ndi ma conformations awiri omwe angathe; iwo ndi osaphatikizika magalasi zithunzi za wina ndi mzake, ngakhale kuti chiwerengero cha L-stereoisomers ndi apamwamba kwambiri. Gulu la R lomwe lili mu Amino Acids (Phenylalanine, Tyrosine ndi Tryptophan) ndi aryl, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kuyamwa kwa UV pa 280 nm. Ma acidic α-COOH ndi oyambira α-NH 2 mu Amino Acids amatha ionization, ndipo ma stereoisomer onse, kaya ali otani, amapanga mgwirizano wa ionization womwe uli pansipa.
R-COOH ↔R-COO－＋H＋
R-NH3＋↔R-NH2＋H＋
Monga momwe ionization ikuyendera pamwambapa, ma amino acid ali ndi magulu awiri ofooka acidic; komabe, gulu la carboxyl liri ndi acidic kwambiri poyerekeza ndi gulu la amino lopangidwa ndi protonated. pH 7.4, gulu la carboxyl limachotsedwa pomwe gulu la amino limapangidwa ndi protonated. Ma amino acid okhala ndi magulu osawoneka a R salowerera pamagetsi pa pH iyi ndikupanga zwitterion.
04 Gulu
AAS ikhoza kugawidwa motsatira njira zinayi, zomwe zafotokozedwa pansipa motsatira.
4.1 Malinga ndi chiyambi
| Malingana ndi chiyambi, AAS ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu a 2 motere. ① Gulu Lachilengedwe Mankhwala ena opangidwa mwachilengedwe okhala ndi ma amino acid amathanso kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwapamtunda / kwapakati, ndipo ena amapitilira mphamvu ya glycolipids. AAS awa amadziwikanso kuti lipopeptides. Lipopeptides ndi mankhwala otsika kwambiri a maselo, omwe nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi mitundu ya Bacillus.
AAS yotereyi imagawidwanso m'magulu atatu:surfactin, iturin ndi fengycin.
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| Banja la ma peptides omwe amagwira ntchito pamtunda limaphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya heptapeptide ya zinthu zosiyanasiyana,monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2a, momwe C12-C16 unsaturated β-hydroxy fatty acid chain imagwirizanitsidwa ndi peptide. Peptide yogwira ntchito pamwamba ndi macrocyclic lactone yomwe mphete imatsekedwa ndi catalysis pakati pa C-terminus ya β-hydroxy fatty acid ndi peptide. Mu gulu laling'ono la iturin, pali mitundu isanu ndi umodzi, yomwe ndi iturin A ndi C, mycosubtilin ndi bacillomycin D, F ndi L.Nthawi zonse, ma heptapeptides amagwirizanitsidwa ndi maunyolo a C14-C17 a β-amino fatty acids (maketaniwo angakhale osiyana). Pankhani ya ekurimycins, gulu la amino pa β-position likhoza kupanga mgwirizano wa amide ndi C-terminus motero kupanga dongosolo la macrocyclic lactam.
Gulu laling'ono la fengycin lili ndi fengycin A ndi B, zomwe zimatchedwanso plipastatin pomwe Tyr9 imasinthidwa ndi D.Decapeptide imagwirizanitsidwa ndi C14 -C18 yodzaza kapena unsaturated β-hydroxy fatty acid chain. Mwachidziwitso, plipastatin imakhalanso macrocyclic lactone, yomwe ili ndi tcheni cham'mbali cha Tyr pa malo 3 a peptide sequence ndikupanga mgwirizano wa ester ndi C-terminal residue, motero kupanga mphete yamkati (monga momwe zimakhalira ndi Pseudomonas lipopeptides ambiri).
② Gulu la Synthetic AAS imathanso kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma amino acid aliwonse, oyambira komanso osalowerera ndale. Ma amino acid omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga AAS ndi glutamic acid, serine, proline, aspartic acid, glycine, arginine, alanine, leucine, ndi protein hydrolysates. Gulu laling'ono ili la surfactants lingathe kukonzedwa ndi mankhwala, enzymatic, ndi chemoenzymatic njira; komabe, popanga AAS, kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala kumakhala kotheka pazachuma. Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino ndi N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid ndi N-palmitoyl-L-glutamic acid.
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4.2 Kutengera ndi aliphatic chain substituents
Kutengera ndi ma aliphatic chain substituents, ma amino acid opangidwa ndi ma surfactants amatha kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri.
Malinga ndi malo a wolowa m'malo
| ①N-M'malo mwa AAS Mumagulu olowetsedwa ndi N, gulu la amino limasinthidwa ndi gulu la lipophilic kapena gulu la carboxyl, zomwe zimapangitsa kutayika kwa maziko. chitsanzo chosavuta cha N-substituted AAS ndi N-acyl amino acid, omwe kwenikweni ndi anionic surfactants. n-substituted AAS ali ndi mgwirizano wa amide wophatikizidwa pakati pa magawo a hydrophobic ndi hydrophilic. Chomangira cha amide chimakhala ndi kuthekera kopanga chomangira cha haidrojeni, chomwe chimathandizira kuwonongeka kwa surfactant iyi m'malo a acidic, motero zimapangitsa kuti zisawonongeke.
②C-m'malo mwa AAS Mu C-substituted compounds, kulowetsedwa kumachitika pagulu la carboxyl (kudzera pa amide kapena ester bond). Mavitamini omwe amalowetsedwa m'malo ndi C (monga ma esters kapena ma amide) amakhala ndi ma cationic surfactants.
③N- ndi C-yolowa m'malo mwa AAS Mu mtundu uwu wa surfactant, magulu onse a amino ndi carboxyl ndi gawo la hydrophilic. Mtundu uwu kwenikweni ndi amphoteric surfactant. |
4.3 Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa michira ya hydrophobic
Kutengera kuchuluka kwa magulu amutu ndi michira ya hydrophobic, AAS ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu anayi. Straight-chain AAS, Gemini (dimer) mtundu AAS, Glycerolipid mtundu AAS, ndi bicephalic amphiphilic (Bola) mtundu AAS. ma surfactants owongoka ndi ma surfactants okhala ndi ma amino acid okhala ndi mchira umodzi wokha wa hydrophobic (Chithunzi 3). Mtundu wa Gemini AAS uli ndi magulu awiri a amino acid polar mutu ndi michira iwiri ya hydrophobic pa molekyulu (Chithunzi 4). Mumtundu uwu, ma AAS awiri owongoka amalumikizidwa pamodzi ndi spacer ndipo motero amatchedwanso dimers. Mu mtundu wa Glycerolipid AAS, kumbali ina, michira iwiri ya hydrophobic imamangiriridwa ku gulu limodzi la amino acid. Ma surfactants awa amatha kuonedwa ngati ma analogi a monoglycerides, diglycerides ndi phospholipids, pomwe mu mtundu wa AAS wa Bola, magulu awiri amutu wa amino acid amalumikizidwa ndi mchira wa hydrophobic.
4.4 Malingana ndi mtundu wa mutu wa gulu
①Cationic AAS
Gulu lalikulu la mtundu uwu wa surfactant liri ndi malipiro abwino. cationic AAS yoyambirira kwambiri ndi ethyl cocoyl arginate, yomwe ndi pyrrolidone carboxylate. Zapadera ndi zosiyanasiyana za surfactant izi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yothandiza mu mankhwala ophera tizilombo, antimicrobial agents, antistatic agents, hair conditioner, komanso kukhala wodekha m'maso ndi pakhungu komanso kuti asawonongeke mosavuta. Singare ndi Mhatre adapanga arginine-based cationic AAS ndikuwunika momwe amagwirira ntchito. Mu kafukufukuyu, adapeza zokolola zambiri zazinthu zomwe zidapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zochitika za Schotten-Baumann. Ndi kuchuluka kwa unyolo wa alkyl ndi hydrophobicity, ntchito yapamtunda ya surfactant idapezeka kuti ikuwonjezeka ndipo Critical Micelle Concentration (cmc) idachepa. Wina ndi mapuloteni a quaternary acyl, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowongolera muzinthu zosamalira tsitsi.
②Anionic AAS
Mu anionic surfactants, gulu la polar mutu wa surfactant limakhala ndi mlandu woyipa. Sarcosine (CH 3 -NH-CH 2 -COOH, N-methylglycine), amino acid yomwe imapezeka mu urchins ya m'nyanja ndi nyenyezi za m'nyanja, imakhala yogwirizana ndi glycine (NH 2 -CH 2 -COOH,), amino acid yofunikira m'maselo a nyamakazi. -COOH,) imakhudzana ndi mankhwala a glycine, omwe ndi amino acid omwe amapezeka m'maselo a mammalian. Lauric acid, tetradecanoic acid, oleic acid ndi halides ndi esters nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga sarcosinate surfactants. Ma Sarcosinate mwachibadwa ndi ofatsa motero amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri potsukira pakamwa, shamposi, thovu zometa, zoteteza ku dzuwa, zotsuka khungu, ndi zodzikongoletsera zina.
Ma anionic AAS ena omwe amapezeka pamalonda akuphatikizapo Amisoft CS-22 ndi AmiliteGCK-12, omwe ndi mayina amalonda a sodium N-cocoyl-L-glutamate ndi potassium N-cocoyl glycinate, motsatira. Amilite amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati thovu, detergent, solubilizer, emulsifier and dispersant, ndipo ali ndi ntchito zambiri zodzoladzola, monga ma shampoos, sopo osamba, osamba thupi, otsukira mkamwa, zotsukira kumaso, sopo otsuka, zotsukira ma lens olumikizirana ndi zinthu zapakhomo. Amisoft imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chotsuka khungu komanso tsitsi lofatsa, makamaka poyeretsa kumaso ndi thupi, kutsekereza zotsukira zopangira, zosamalira thupi, ma shampoos ndi zinthu zina zosamalira khungu.
③zwitterionic kapena amphoteric AAS
Ma amphoteric surfactants ali ndi masamba onse acidic komanso oyambira ndipo amatha kusintha mtengo wawo posintha mtengo wa pH. M'ma TV amchere amakhala ngati anionic surfactants, pomwe m'malo a acidic amakhala ngati ma cationic surfactants komanso osalowerera ndale ngati ma amphoteric surfactants. Lauryl lysine (LL) ndi alkoxy (2-hydroxypropyl) arginine ndi okhawo odziwika amphoteric surfactants potengera ma amino acid. LL ndi mankhwala a condensation a lysine ndi lauric acid. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka amphoteric, LL sisungunuka pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya zosungunulira, kupatula zosungunulira zamchere kwambiri kapena acidic. Monga organic ufa, LL imamatira kwambiri pamalo a hydrophilic komanso kukangana kocheperako, zomwe zimapatsa luso lopaka mafuta bwino kwambiri. LL imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zodzoladzola za khungu ndi tsitsi, ndipo imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mafuta.
④Nonionic AAS
Nonionic surfactants amadziwika ndi magulu amutu wa polar popanda malipiro ovomerezeka. ma ethoxylated nonionic surfactants atsopano asanu ndi atatu adakonzedwa ndi Al-Sabagh et al. kuchokera ku mafuta osungunuka a α-amino acid. Pochita izi, L-phenylalanine (LEP) ndi L-leucine poyamba anali esterified ndi hexadecanol, kutsatiridwa ndi amidation ndi palmitic acid kuti apereke ma amide awiri ndi esters awiri a α-amino acid. The ma amides ndi esters kenako anakumana condensation reactions ndi ethylene okusayidi kukonzekera atatu phenylalanine zotumphukira ndi manambala osiyanasiyana mayunitsi polyoxyethylene (40, 60 ndi 100). Ma AAS a nonionic awa adapezeka kuti ali ndi zotsekemera zabwino komanso zotulutsa thovu.
05 Kuphatikiza
5.1 Njira yoyambira yopangira
Mu AAS, magulu a hydrophobic akhoza kumangirizidwa ku malo amine kapena carboxylic acid, kapena kupyolera muzitsulo zam'mbali za amino acid. Kutengera izi, njira zinayi zopangira zopangira zilipo, monga momwe zikusonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 5.
Fig.5 Njira zoyambira zopangira ma amino acid opangidwa ndi ma surfactants
| Njira 1. Amphiphilic ester amines amapangidwa ndi esterification reactions, momwemonso kaphatikizidwe ka surfactant nthawi zambiri kamatheka ndi refluxing ma alcohols amafuta ndi ma amino acid pamaso pa dehydration wothandizila ndi acidic chothandizira. Mwa zina, sulfuric acid imagwira ntchito ngati chothandizira komanso chotsitsa madzi m'thupi.
Njira 2. Ma amino acid oyambitsidwa amakhudzidwa ndi ma alkylamines kupanga zomangira za amide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuphatikizika kwa amphiphilic amidoamines.
Njira 3. Ma Amido acid amapangidwa pochita magulu a amine a amino acid okhala ndi Amido Acids.
Njira 4. Ma alkyl amino acid okhala ndi unyolo wautali adapangidwa ndi momwe magulu a amine okhala ndi ma haloalkanes amachitira. |
5.2 Kupititsa patsogolo kaphatikizidwe ndi kupanga
5.2.1 Kaphatikizidwe ka single-chain amino acid/peptide surfactants
N-acyl kapena O-acyl amino acid kapena peptides amatha kupangidwa ndi enzyme-catalyzed acylation yamagulu amine kapena hydroxyl okhala ndi mafuta acid. Lipoti lakale kwambiri la zosungunulira zopanda zosungunulira za lipase-catalyzed synthesis ya amino acid amide kapena methyl ester zotumphukira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Candida antarctica, zokolola kuyambira 25% mpaka 90% kutengera chandamale cha amino acid. Methyl ethyl ketone imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chosungunulira muzochita zina. Vonderhagen et al. anafotokozanso mmene lipase ndi protease-catalyzed N-acylation zochita za amino zidulo, mapuloteni hydrolysates ndi/kapena zotumphukira zawo ntchito osakaniza madzi ndi organic solvents (mwachitsanzo, dimethylformamide/madzi) ndi methyl butyl ketone.
M'masiku oyambirira, vuto lalikulu la enzyme-catalyzed synthesis ya AAS linali zokolola zochepa. Malinga ndi Valivety et al. zokolola za N-tetradecanoyl amino acid zotumphukira zinali 2% -10% kokha ngakhale atagwiritsa ntchito lipases zosiyanasiyana ndikumakala pa 70 ° C kwa masiku ambiri. Montet et al. adakumananso ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi zokolola zochepa za amino acid mu kaphatikizidwe ka N-acyl lysine pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta acid ndi mafuta a masamba. Malinga ndi iwo, zokolola zazikulu za mankhwalawa zinali 19% pansi pamikhalidwe yopanda zosungunulira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira za organic. vuto lomwelo anakumana ndi Valivety et al. mu kaphatikizidwe wa N-Cbz-L-lysine kapena N-Cbz-lysine methyl ester zotumphukira.
Mu phunziro ili, iwo ananena kuti zokolola za 3-O-tetradecanoyl-L-serine anali 80% pamene ntchito N-otetezedwa serine monga gawo lapansi ndi Novozyme 435 monga chothandizira mu sungunuka zosungunulira-free chilengedwe. Nagao ndi Kito adaphunzira za O-acylation ya L-serine, L-homoserine, L-threonine ndi L-tyrosine (LET) pogwiritsa ntchito lipase Zotsatira za zomwe zimachitika (lipase idapezedwa ndi Candida cylindracea ndi Rhizopus delemar mu sing'anga yamadzi yamadzi) ndipo adanenanso kuti zokolola za acylation ya L-homoserine ndi L-serine zinali zochepa, pomwe palibe acylation ya L-threonine ndi LET yomwe inachitika.
Ofufuza ambiri athandizira kugwiritsa ntchito magawo otsika mtengo komanso opezeka mosavuta popanga AAS yotsika mtengo. Soo et al. adanena kuti kukonzekera kwa mafuta a kanjedza opangidwa ndi mafuta a kanjedza kumagwira ntchito bwino ndi immobilized lipoenzyme. Adanenanso kuti zokolola zitha kukhala zabwinoko ngakhale zitatenga nthawi (masiku 6). Gerova et al. adafufuza kaphatikizidwe ndi ntchito yapamtunda ya chiral N-palmitoyl AAS yotengera methionine, proline, leucine, threonine, phenylalanine ndi phenylglycine mu cyclic/racemic osakaniza. Pang ndi Chu adalongosola kaphatikizidwe ka amino acid okhala ndi ma monomers ndi dicarboxylic acid based monomers mu yankho.
Cantaeuzene ndi Guerreiro adanenanso za esterification yamagulu a carboxylic acid a Boc-Ala-OH ndi Boc-Asp-OH okhala ndi ma alphatic alphatic alcohols ndi diols, okhala ndi dichloromethane monga zosungunulira ndi agarose 4B (Sepharose 4B) monga chothandizira. Mu phunziroli, zomwe Boc-Ala-OH amachitira ndi mafuta oledzeretsa mpaka 16 carbons anapereka zokolola zabwino (51%), pamene Boc-Asp-OH 6 ndi 12 carbons anali abwino, ndi zokolola zofanana za 63% [64]. ]. 99.9%) mu zokolola zochokera ku 58% mpaka 76%, zomwe zinapangidwa ndi mapangidwe a amide zomangira ndi ma alkylamines aatali atali kapena ma ester okhala ndi mowa wamafuta ndi Cbz-Arg-OMe, pomwe papain adachita ngati chothandizira.
5.2.2 Kaphatikizidwe ka gemini-based amino acid/peptide surfactants
Ma amino acid opangidwa ndi gemini surfactants amakhala ndi mamolekyu awiri owongoka a AAS olumikizidwa kumutu kwa wina ndi mnzake ndi gulu la spacer. Pali 2 zotheka ziwembu kwa chemoenzymatic kaphatikizidwe wa gemini-mtundu amino asidi ofotokoza surfactants (Zithunzi 6 ndi 7). Mu Chithunzi 6, 2 zotumphukira za amino acid zimachitidwa ndi gulu ngati spacer gulu ndiyeno 2 magulu a hydrophobic amayambitsidwa. Pachithunzi 7, ma 2 maunyolo owongoka amalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi gulu la spacer lomwe limagwira ntchito ziwiri.
Kukula koyambirira kwa kaphatikizidwe ka enzyme-catalyzed kaphatikizidwe ka gemini lipoamino acid kudapangidwa ndi Valivety et al. Yoshimura et al. adafufuza kaphatikizidwe, kutsatsa komanso kuphatikiza kwa amino acid opangidwa ndi gemini surfactant kutengera cystine ndi n-alkyl bromide. Ma surfactants opangidwa adafananizidwa ndi ma surfactants ofanana ndi amodzi. Faustino et al. adalongosola kaphatikizidwe ka anionic urea-based monomeric AAS yochokera ku L-cystine, D-cystine, DL-cystine, L-cysteine, L-methionine ndi L-sulfoalanine ndi awiriawo a gemini pogwiritsa ntchito ma conductivity, kusamvana kwapamtunda komanso kusasunthika. - State fluorescence makhalidwe a iwo. Zinawonetsedwa kuti mtengo wa cmc wa gemini unali wotsika poyerekeza monomer ndi gemini.
Fig.6 Kaphatikizidwe ka gemini AAS pogwiritsa ntchito zotumphukira za AA ndi spacer, kutsatiridwa ndi kuyika kwa gulu la hydrophobic
Fig.7 Kaphatikizidwe ka gemini AASs pogwiritsa ntchito bifunctional spacer ndi AAS
5.2.3 Kaphatikizidwe ka glycerolipid amino acid/peptide surfactants
Glycerolipid amino acid/peptide surfactants ndi gulu latsopano la lipid amino acid omwe ndi ofanana ndi glycerol mono- (kapena di-) esters ndi phospholipids, chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka unyolo wamafuta amodzi kapena awiri okhala ndi amino acid imodzi yolumikizidwa ndi msana wa glycerol. pa bond ester. Kaphatikizidwe ka ma surfactants awa akuyamba ndi kukonza glycerol esters wa amino zidulo pa kutentha okwera ndi pamaso pa acidic chothandizira (mwachitsanzo BF 3). Kaphatikizidwe ka enzyme-catalyzed (pogwiritsa ntchito hydrolases, proteases ndi lipases monga chothandizira) ndi njira yabwino (Chithunzi 8).
The enzyme-catalyzed synthesis ya dilaurylated arginine glycerides conjugates pogwiritsa ntchito papain yanenedwa. Kaphatikizidwe ka diacylglycerol ester conjugates kuchokera ku acetylarginine ndikuwunika kwa physicochemical properties adanenedwanso.
Fig.8 Kaphatikizidwe ka mono ndi diacylglycerol amino acid conjugates
spacer: NH-(CH2)10-NH: kuphatikizaB1
malo: NH-C6H4-NH: kuphatikizaB2
chithunzi: CH2-CH2: kuphatikizaB3
Fig.9 Kaphatikizidwe ka amphiphiles opangidwa kuchokera ku Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
5.2.4 Kaphatikizidwe kabola-based amino acid/peptide surfactants
Ma amino acid amtundu wa bola-amphiphiles ali ndi 2 amino acid omwe amalumikizana ndi tcheni chofanana cha hydrophobic. Franceschi et al. anafotokoza kaphatikizidwe wa bola-amphiphiles ndi 2 amino zidulo (D- kapena L-alanine kapena L-histidine) ndi 1 alkyl unyolo wa utali wosiyana ndi kufufuza ntchito yawo pamwamba. Amakambirana za kaphatikizidwe ndi kuphatikizika kwa ma amphiphiles amtundu wa bola okhala ndi kachigawo kakang'ono ka amino acid (pogwiritsa ntchito β-amino acid kapena mowa wachilendo) ndi gulu la C12 -C20 la spacer. Ma β-amino acid osadziwika omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito akhoza kukhala shuga aminoacid, azidothymin (AZT) -yochokera ku amino acid, norbornene amino acid, ndi amino alcohol yochokera ku AZT (Chithunzi 9). kaphatikizidwe ka symmetrical bola-type amphiphiles yochokera ku tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) (Chithunzi 9).
06 Physicochemical katundu
Ndizodziwika bwino kuti ma amino acid based surfactants (AAS) ndi osiyanasiyana komanso amasinthasintha m'chilengedwe ndipo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchito zambiri monga kusungunuka kwabwino, katundu wabwino wa emulsification, kuchita bwino kwambiri, kugwira ntchito kwapamwamba komanso kukana madzi olimba (calcium ion). kulolerana).
Kutengera surfactant katundu wa amino zidulo (monga kuthamanga pamwamba, cmc, gawo khalidwe ndi kutentha Krafft), mfundo zotsatirazi anafika pambuyo kafukufuku kwambiri - ntchito pamwamba AAS ndi wapamwamba kuposa wa ochiritsira surfactant mnzake.
6.1 Kuyika Kwambiri kwa Micelle (cmc)
Critical micelle ndende ndi imodzi mwa magawo ofunikira a surfactants ndipo amalamulira ambiri padziko yogwira katundu monga solubilization, selo lysis ndi mogwirizana ndi biofilms, etc. Ambiri, kuwonjezera unyolo kutalika kwa hydrocarbon mchira (kuchuluka hydrophobicity) kumabweretsa kuchepa. mu mtengo wa cmc wa yankho la surfactant, motero kukulitsa ntchito yake yapamtunda. Ma surfactants otengera ma amino acid nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma cmc otsika poyerekeza ndi ochiritsira wamba.
Kupyolera mumagulu osiyanasiyana a magulu amutu ndi michira ya hydrophobic (mono-cationic amide, bi-cationic amide, bi-cationic amide-based ester), Infante et al. adapanga AAS atatu a arginine ndipo adaphunzira cmc yawo ndi γcmc (kugwedezeka kwapamtunda pa cmc), kusonyeza kuti ma cmc ndi γcmc amatsika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mchira wa hydrophobic. Mu kafukufuku wina, Singare ndi Mhatre anapeza kuti cmc ya N-α-acylarginine surfactants inachepa ndi kuwonjezeka chiwerengero cha hydrophobic tail carbon maatomu (Table 1).
Yoshimura et al. anafufuza cmc ya cysteine-derived amino acid-based gemini surfactants ndipo anasonyeza kuti cmc inatsika pamene kutalika kwa carbon chain mu hydrophobic chain inawonjezeka kuchoka pa 10 mpaka 12. zomwe zinatsimikizira kuti ma surfactants amtundu wautali wa gemini amakhala ndi chizolowezi chochepa chophatikiza.
Faustino et al. lipoti mapangidwe osakanikirana micelles mu amadzimadzi njira anionic gemini surfactants zochokera cystine. Ma gemini surfactants adafananizidwanso ndi ma surfactants amtundu wa monomeric (C 8 Cys). Miyezo ya cmc ya zosakaniza za lipid-surfactant zidanenedwa kukhala zotsika kuposa za opangidwa mwangwiro. gemini surfactants ndi 1,2-diheptanoyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphocholine, madzi osungunuka, micelle-forming phospholipid, anali ndi cmc mu msinkhu wa millimolar.
Shrestha ndi Aramaki adafufuza momwe ma micelles amtundu wa viscoelastic ngati nyongolotsi m'madzi amadzimadzi a amino acid opangidwa ndi anionic-nonionic surfactants popanda mchere wosakanikirana. Mu phunziro ili, N-dodecyl glutamate inapezeka kuti ili ndi kutentha kwakukulu kwa Krafft; Komabe, pamene neutralized ndi zofunika amino asidi L-lysine, izo kwaiye micelles ndi njira anayamba kuchita ngati Newtonian madzimadzi pa 25 °C.
6.2 Kusungunuka kwamadzi bwino
Kusungunuka kwamadzi kwabwino kwa AAS kumachitika chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa ma bond owonjezera a CO-NH. Izi zimapangitsa AAS kukhala yowola kwambiri komanso yokonda zachilengedwe kuposa ma surfactants wamba. Kusungunuka kwamadzi kwa N-acyl-L-glutamic acid ndikwabwinoko chifukwa cha magulu awiri a carboxyl. Kusungunuka kwamadzi kwa Cn (CA) 2 kulinso kwabwino chifukwa pali magulu a 2 a ionic arginine mu 1 molekyu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti adsorption yogwira mtima komanso kufalikira pamtundu wa selo komanso ngakhale kuletsa kwa bakiteriya kothandiza pamagulu otsika.
6.3 Kutentha kwa Krafft ndi Krafft point
Kutentha kwa Krafft kumatha kumveka ngati kusungunuka kwapadera kwa zida zamagetsi zomwe kusungunuka kwake kumakwera kwambiri kuposa kutentha kwina. Ma Ionic surfactants amakhala ndi chizolowezi chopanga ma hydrate olimba, omwe amatha kutuluka m'madzi. Pa kutentha kwina (komwe kumatchedwa kutentha kwa Krafft), kuwonjezeka kwakukulu ndi kosalekeza kwa kusungunuka kwa ma surfactants nthawi zambiri kumawonedwa. Malo a Krafft a ionic surfactant ndi kutentha kwake kwa Krafft pa cmc.
Izi solubility khalidwe kawirikawiri amaona kwa ma surfactants ayoni ndipo akhoza kufotokozedwa motere: solubility wa surfactant ufulu monomer yochepa m'munsimu kutentha Krafft mpaka Krafft mfundo, kumene solubility ake pang'onopang'ono kumawonjezeka chifukwa micelle mapangidwe. Kuti zitsimikizike kusungunuka kwathunthu, m'pofunika kukonza ma surfactant formulations pa kutentha pamwamba pa Krafft point.
Kutentha kwa Krafft kwa AAS kwaphunziridwa ndikufaniziridwa ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse.Shrestha ndi Aramaki anaphunzira kutentha kwa Krafft kwa arginine-based AAS ndipo adapeza kuti micelle yovuta kwambiri imasonyeza khalidwe lophatikizana mu mawonekedwe a pre-micelles pamwamba pa 2-5. × 10-6 mol-L -1 yotsatiridwa ndi mapangidwe abwino a micelle (Ohta et al. adapanga mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya N-hexadecanoyl AAS ndikukambirana za ubale pakati pa kutentha kwawo kwa Krafft ndi zotsalira za amino acid.
M'mayeserowa, adapeza kuti kutentha kwa Krafft kwa N-hexadecanoyl AAS kunawonjezeka ndi kuchepa kwa zotsalira za amino acid (phenylalanine kukhala zosiyana), pamene kutentha kwa kusungunuka (kutengera kutentha) kumawonjezeka ndi kuchepa kwa kukula kwa zotsalira za amino acid (ndi. kupatula glycine ndi phenylalanine). Zinatsimikiziridwa kuti mu machitidwe onse a alanine ndi phenylalanine, kuyanjana kwa DL kumakhala kolimba kuposa kuyanjana kwa LL mu mawonekedwe olimba a mchere wa N-hexadecanoyl AAS.
Brito et al. adatsimikiza kutentha kwa Krafft pamitundu itatu yazinthu zatsopano za amino acid pogwiritsa ntchito masinthidwe osiyanasiyana a microcalorimetry ndipo adapeza kuti kusintha ion ya trifluoroacetate kukhala iodide ion kunapangitsa kutentha kwa Krafft (pafupifupi 6 °C), kuchoka pa 47 °C mpaka 53 ° C. C. Kukhalapo kwa ma cis-double bonds ndi kusasunthika komwe kulipo muzitsulo zazitali za Ser-derivatives kunapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa Krafft. n-Dodecyl glutamate inanenedwa kuti ili ndi kutentha kwakukulu kwa Krafft. Komabe, kusalowerera ndale ndi amino acid L-lysine kunapangitsa kuti ma micell apangidwe mu njira yomwe imakhala ngati madzi a Newton pa 25 ° C.
6.4 Kupanikizika kwapamtunda
Kuthamanga kwapamtunda kwa ma surfactants kumagwirizana ndi kutalika kwa unyolo wa gawo la hydrophobic. Zhang et al. anatsimikiza padziko mavuto a sodium cocoyl glycinate ndi Wilhelmy mbale njira (25±0.2) °C ndipo anatsimikiza padziko mavuto mtengo pa cmc monga 33 mN-m -1 , cmc monga 0,21 mmol-L -1. Yoshimura et al. anatsimikiza mtima mavuto padziko 2C n Cys mtundu amino asidi zochokera padziko mavuto a 2C n Cys ofotokoza pamwamba yogwira wothandizira. Zinapezeka kuti kugwedezeka kwapamtunda pa cmc kunachepa ndi kukula kwa unyolo (mpaka n = 8), pamene mchitidwewo unasinthidwa kwa omwe ali ndi n = 12 kapena kutalika kwa unyolo.
Zotsatira za CaC1 2 pazovuta zapamtunda za dicarboxylated amino acid-based surfactants zawerengedwanso. M'maphunzirowa, CaC1 2 idawonjezedwa ku mayankho amadzi amitundu itatu ya dicarboxylated amino acid surfactants (C12 MalNa 2, C12 AspNa 2, ndi C12 GluNa 2). Miyezo yamtunda pambuyo pa cmc idafanizidwa ndipo zidapezeka kuti kugwedezeka kwapamtunda kunatsika pamiyeso yotsika kwambiri ya CaC1 2. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha mphamvu ya ayoni calcium pa dongosolo la surfactant pa mawonekedwe gasi-madzi. Kuvuta kwa pamwamba kwa mchere wa N-dodecylaminomalonate ndi N-dodecylaspartate, kumbali ina, kunalinso kosalekeza mpaka 10 mmol-L -1 CaC1 2 ndende. Pamwamba pa 10 mmol-L -1, kupsinjika kwapamwamba kumawonjezeka kwambiri, chifukwa cha mapangidwe a mpweya wa mchere wa calcium wa surfactant. Kwa mchere wa disodium wa N-dodecyl glutamate, kuwonjezera pang'ono kwa CaC1 2 kunapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kugwedezeka kwa pamwamba, pamene kuwonjezeka kwa CaC1 2 ndende sikunapangitsenso kusintha kwakukulu.
Kuti mudziwe ma adsorption kinetics a gemini-mtundu wa AAS pamawonekedwe amadzi a gasi, kugwedezeka kwapamadzi kunatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yothamanga kwambiri ya kuwira. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri yoyeserera, kuthamanga kwamphamvu kwa 2C 12 Cys sikunasinthe. Kutsika kwa kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kumadalira kokha ndende, kutalika kwa michira ya hydrophobic, ndi kuchuluka kwa michira ya hydrophobic. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa ma surfactant, kuchepa kwa unyolo komanso kuchuluka kwa maunyolo kudapangitsa kuwola kofulumira. Zotsatira zomwe zinapezedwa pazowonjezereka za C n Cys (n = 8 kwa 12) zinapezeka kuti zili pafupi kwambiri ndi γ cmc yoyesedwa ndi njira ya Wilhelmy.
Mu kafukufuku wina, kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kwa sodium dilauryl cystine (SDLC) ndi sodium didecamino cystine kunatsimikiziridwa ndi njira ya mbale ya Wilhelmy, ndipo kuwonjezera apo, kusamvana kwapamwamba kwa mayankho awo amadzimadzi kunatsimikiziridwa ndi njira ya dontho la voliyumu. Zochita za disulfide bond zidafufuzidwanso ndi njira zina. Kuwonjezera kwa mercaptoethanol ku 0.1 mmol-L -1SDLC yankho linachititsa kuti kuwonjezereka kwachangu kwapamwamba kwa 34 mN-m -1 mpaka 53 mN-m -1 kuwonjezereka. Popeza NaClO imatha oxidize ma disulfide bond a SDLC kumagulu a sulfonic acid, palibe zophatikiza zomwe zidawonedwa pomwe NaClO (5 mmol-L -1) idawonjezedwa ku yankho la 0.1 mmol-L -1 SDLC. Kupatsirana ma electron microscopy ndi zotsatira zobalalika zowoneka bwino zakuwonetsa kuti palibe ma aggregates omwe adapangidwa mu yankho. Kulimbana kwapamwamba kwa SDLC kunapezeka kuti kukuwonjezeka kuchokera ku 34 mN-m -1 kufika ku 60 mN-m -1 pa nthawi ya 20 min.
6.5 Kuyanjana kwa binary pamwamba
Mu sayansi ya moyo, magulu angapo aphunzira za kugwedezeka kwa zosakaniza za cationic AAS (diacylglycerol arginine-based surfactants) ndi phospholipids pa mawonekedwe a madzi a gasi, potsirizira pake amatsimikizira kuti chinthu chomwe sichili choyenera chimayambitsa kufalikira kwa ma electrostatic interactions.
6.6 Kuphatikiza katundu
Kubalalitsa kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira kuphatikizika kwa ma amino acid-based monomers ndi ma gemini surfactants pazambiri za ma cmc, kutulutsa m'mimba mwake wa hydrodynamic DH (= 2R H ). Magulu opangidwa ndi C n Cys ndi 2Cn Cys ndi ochulukirapo ndipo amagawidwa mokulira poyerekeza ndi ma surfactants ena. Ma surfactants onse kupatula 2C 12 Cys amakhala ophatikiza pafupifupi 10 nm. Makulidwe a micelle a gemini surfactants ndiakulu kwambiri kuposa omwe amafanana nawo. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutalika kwa unyolo wa hydrocarbon kumabweretsanso kukula kwa micelle. ohta et al. adafotokoza za kuphatikizika kwa ma stereoisomers atatu osiyanasiyana a N-dodecyl-phenyl-alanyl-phenyl-alanine tetramethylammonium mu njira yamadzimadzi ndipo adawonetsa kuti ma diastereoisomers ali ndi kuchuluka kofananira kofunikira mu njira yamadzi. Iwahashi et al. kufufuzidwa ndi circular dichroism, NMR ndi vapor pressure osmometry the Mapangidwe a chiral aggregates a N-dodecanoyl-L-glutamic acid, N-dodecanoyl-L-valine ndi ma esters awo a methyl mu zosungunulira zosiyanasiyana (monga tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, 1,4) -dioxane ndi 1,2-dichloroethane) ndi katundu wozungulira ankafufuzidwa ndi circular dichroism, NMR ndi vapor pressure osmometry.
6.7 Kutsatsa kwapakatikati
Kulumikizana kwapakati kwa ma amino acid opangidwa ndi ma surfactants komanso kufananiza ndi mnzake wamba ndi amodzi mwa njira zofufuzira. Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a interfacial adsorption of dodecyl esters of onunkhira amino acid otengedwa ku LET ndi LEP adafufuzidwa. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti LET ndi LEP adawonetsa malo ocheperako pamawonekedwe amadzi amadzimadzi komanso pamadzi / hexane, motsatana.
Bordes et al. adafufuza momwe angayankhire komanso kutengera mawonekedwe amadzi a gasi a ma dicarboxylated amino acid surfactants, mchere wa disodium wa dodecyl glutamate, dodecyl aspartate, ndi aminomalonate (okhala ndi maatomu a kaboni 3, 2, ndi 1 pakati pamagulu awiri a carboxyl, motsatana). Malinga ndi lipotili, cmc ya dicarboxylated surfactants inali yokwera 4-5 kuposa ya mchere wa monocarboxylated dodecyl glycine. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha mapangidwe a haidrojeni pakati pa ma dicarboxylated surfactants ndi mamolekyu oyandikana nawo kudzera m'magulu a amide momwemo.
6.8 Phase khalidwe
Isotropic discontinuous kiyubiki magawo amawonedwa kwa surfactants pa woipa kwambiri. Mamolekyu okhala ndi ma surfactant okhala ndi magulu akulu kwambiri amutu amatha kupanga magulu ang'onoang'ono opindika abwino. marques et al. adaphunzira machitidwe a gawo la 12Lys12/12Ser ndi 8Lys8/16Ser (onani Chithunzi 10), ndipo zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti dongosolo la 12Lys12/12Ser lili ndi gawo lolekanitsa pakati pa zigawo za micellar ndi vesicular solution, pomwe 8Lys8/16Ser system The Dongosolo la 8Lys8/16Ser likuwonetsa kusintha kosalekeza (gawo lalitali la micellar gawo pakati pa chigawo chaching'ono cha micellar ndi gawo la vesicle). Dziwani kuti kudera la vesicle la 12Lys12/12Ser system, ma vesicles amakhala nthawi zonse ndi ma micelles, pomwe gawo la vesicle la 8Ls8/16Ser system lili ndi ma vesicles okha.
Zosakaniza za Catanionic za lysine- ndi serine-based surfactants: symmetric 12Ls12/12Ser awiri (kumanzere) ndi asymmetric 8Ls8/16Ser awiri (kumanja)
6.9 Kukulitsa luso
Kouchi et al. adayang'ana luso la emulsifying, kusagwirizana kwapakati, kutayika, ndi kukhuthala kwa N- [3-dodecyl-2-hydroxypropyl] -L-arginine, L-glutamate, ndi AAS ena. Poyerekeza ndi ma surfactants opangidwa (omwe amafanana nawo osakhala a nonionic ndi amphoteric), zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti AAS ili ndi kuthekera kokulirapo kokweza kuposa ma surfactants wamba.
Baczko et al. adapanga ma anionic amino acid surfactants ndikufufuza kuyenera kwawo ngati zosungunulira za NMR zokhala ndi chiral. Mndandanda wa sulfonate-based amphiphilic L-Phe kapena L-Ala zotumphukira ndi michira ya hydrophobic (pentyl~tetradecyl) zidapangidwa pochita ma amino acid ndi o-sulfobenzoic anhydride. Wu et al. kupanga mchere wa sodium wa N-fatty acyl AAS ndiadafufuza kuthekera kwawo kotulutsa mafuta mu emulsions yamafuta m'madzi, ndipo zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti ma surfactants awa adachita bwino ndi ethyl acetate ngati gawo lamafuta kuposa n-hexane ngati gawo lamafuta.
6.10 Kupititsa patsogolo kaphatikizidwe ndi kupanga
Kukaniza kwamadzi kolimba kumatha kumveka ngati kuthekera kwa ma surfactants kukana kukhalapo kwa ayoni monga calcium ndi magnesium m'madzi olimba, mwachitsanzo, kuthekera kopewa mvula kukhala sopo wa calcium. Ma Surfactants okhala ndi madzi olimba kwambiri ndi othandiza kwambiri popanga zotsukira komanso zinthu zosamalira anthu. Kulimbana ndi madzi olimba kungayesedwe powerengera kusintha kwa kusungunuka ndi ntchito ya pamwamba pa surfactant pamaso pa ma ion calcium.
Njira ina yodziwira kulimba kwa madzi ndikuwerengera kuchuluka kapena magalamu a surfactant wofunikira kuti sopo wa calcium opangidwa kuchokera ku 100 g wa sodium oleate amwazike m'madzi. M'madera okhala ndi madzi olimba kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa ayoni a calcium ndi magnesium ndi mineral content kumapangitsa kuti ntchito zina zikhale zovuta. Nthawi zambiri ayoni wa sodium amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ion yowerengera ya anionic surfactant. Popeza divalent calcium ion imamangiriridwa ku mamolekyu onse amadzimadzi, imapangitsa kuti surfactant iwonjezeke mosavuta kuchokera ku njira yopangira detergency kukhala yocheperako.
Kafukufuku wa kukana kwamadzi olimba a AAS adawonetsa kuti asidi ndi madzi olimba amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi gulu lowonjezera la carboxyl, ndipo kukana kwa asidi ndi madzi olimba kunawonjezeka kwambiri ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutalika kwa gulu la spacer pakati pa magulu awiri a carboxyl. . Dongosolo la kukana kwa asidi ndi madzi olimba linali C 12 glycinate <C 12 aspartate <C 12 glutamate. Poyerekeza mgwirizano wa dicarboxylated amide ndi dicarboxylated amino surfactant, motsatana, zidapezeka kuti mtundu wa pH wamtunduwu unali wokulirapo ndipo ntchito yake yapamtunda idakula ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka koyenera kwa asidi. Dicarboxylated N-alkyl amino zidulo anasonyeza chelating mphamvu pamaso pa calcium ayoni, ndipo C 12 aspartate anapanga gel osakaniza woyera. c 12 glutamate inawonetsa zochitika zapamwamba pamtunda waukulu wa Ca 2+ ndipo ikuyembekezeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa mchere m'madzi a m'nyanja.
6.11 Kubalalika
Dispersibility amatanthauza kuthekera kwa surfactant kuteteza coalescence ndi sedimentation wa surfactant mu njira yothetsera.Dispersibility ndi chinthu chofunikira cha ma surfactants omwe amawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu zotsukira, zodzoladzola ndi mankhwala.Wobalalitsa ayenera kukhala ndi ester, etha, amide kapena amino chomangira pakati pa gulu la hydrophobic ndi gulu lomaliza la hydrophilic (kapena pakati pamagulu owongoka a hydrophobic).
Nthawi zambiri, ma anionic surfactants monga alkanolamido sulfates ndi amphoteric surfactants monga amidosulfobetaine ndi othandiza kwambiri ngati omwaza sopo wa calcium.
Kafukufuku wambiri watsimikizira kufalikira kwa AAS, pomwe N-lauroyl lysine idapezeka kuti siyigwirizana bwino ndi madzi komanso yovuta kugwiritsa ntchito popanga zodzikongoletsera.Mu mndandandawu, N-acyl-substituted Basic amino acids ali ndi dispersibility wapamwamba kwambiri ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzodzikongoletsera kuti apititse patsogolo mapangidwe.
07 Poizoni
Ma surfactants wamba, makamaka cationic surfactants, ndi poizoni kwambiri kwa zamoyo zam'madzi. Kawopsedwe wawo pachimake ndi chifukwa chodabwitsa cha adsorption-ion kuyanjana kwa surfactants pa mawonekedwe a cell-water. Kuchepetsa ma cmc a ma surfactants nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa kuti ma surfactants azitha kulumikizana kwambiri, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa chiwopsezo chokwera kwambiri. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutalika kwa unyolo wa hydrophobic wa surfactants kumabweretsanso kuchulukira kwa kawopsedwe kakang'ono ka surfactant.AAS ambiri ndi otsika kapena alibe poizoni kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe (makamaka kwa zamoyo za m'nyanja) ndipo ndi oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga zopangira chakudya, mankhwala ndi zodzoladzola.Ofufuza ambiri awonetsa kuti ma amino acid surfactants ndi ofatsa komanso osakwiyitsa khungu. Ma surfactants opangidwa ndi arginine amadziwika kuti alibe poizoni pang'ono kuposa anzawo wamba.
Brito et al. adaphunzira za physicochemical and toxicological properties of amino acid-based amphiphiles ndi [zochokera ku tyrosine (Tyr), hydroxyproline (Hyp), serine (Ser) ndi lysine (Lys)] kupangidwa modzidzimutsa kwa cationic vesicles ndipo anapereka deta pa kawopsedwe kawo koopsa Daphnia magna (IC 50). Anapanga ma cationic vesicles a dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB)/Lys-derivatives ndi/kapena Ser-/Ls-derivative zosakaniza ndikuyesa ecotoxicity ndi kuthekera kwawo kwa hemolytic, kuwonetsa kuti ma AAS onse ndi zosakaniza zomwe zili ndi ma vesicle zinali zowopsa kuposa DTA wamba. .
Rosa ndi al. adafufuza za kumanga (mgwirizano) wa DNA ku ma amino acid okhazikika a cationic vesicles. Mosiyana ndi ochiritsira cationic surfactants, amene nthawi zambiri amawoneka ngati poizoni, kugwirizana kwa cationic amino asidi surfactants kumawoneka kuti si poizoni. The cationic AAS imachokera ku arginine, yomwe imapanga ma vesicles okhazikika pamodzi ndi ma anionic surfactants. Amino acid-based corrosion inhibitors amanenedwanso kuti alibe poizoni. Ma surfactants awa amapangidwa mosavuta ndi chiyero chambiri (mpaka 99%), otsika mtengo, osavuta kuwonongeka, komanso amasungunuka m'madzi am'madzi. Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti sulfure wokhala ndi amino acid surfactants ndi apamwamba poletsa dzimbiri.
Mu kafukufuku waposachedwa, Perinelli et al. lipoti wokhutiritsa toxicological mbiri ya rhamnolipids poyerekeza ochiritsira surfactants. Rhamnolipids amadziwika kuti amachita ngati owonjezera permeability. Iwo anafotokozanso zotsatira za rhamnolipids pa epithelial permeability wa macromolecular mankhwala.
08 Ntchito ya Antimicrobial
The antimicrobial ntchito ya surfactants akhoza kuyesedwa ndi osachepera zoletsa ndende. Ntchito ya antimicrobial ya arginine-based surfactants yawerengedwa mwatsatanetsatane. Mabakiteriya a gram-negative adapezeka kuti sagonjetsedwa kwambiri ndi ma surfactants a arginine kuposa mabakiteriya a Gram-positive. The antimicrobial ntchito ya surfactants nthawi zambiri kuchuluka ndi kukhalapo kwa hydroxyl, cyclopropane kapena unsaturated zomangira mkati acyl unyolo. Castillo et al. adawonetsa kuti kutalika kwa unyolo wa acyl ndi ndalama zabwino zimatsimikizira mtengo wa HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) wa molekyulu, ndipo izi zimakhudza kuthekera kwawo kusokoneza nembanemba. Nα-acylarginine methyl ester ndi gulu lina lofunika kwambiri la cationic surfactants okhala ndi ma antimicrobial ambiri ndipo Ndiwosavuta kuwonongeka komanso alibe kawopsedwe kakang'ono kapena kopanda. Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi ma surfactants opangidwa ndi Nα-acylarginine methyl ester okhala ndi 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-propyltrioxyl-3-phosphorylcholine ndi 1,2-ditetradecanoyl-sn-propyltrioxyl-3-phosphorylcholine, nembanemba zamoyo kukhalapo kapena kusakhalapo kwa zotchinga zakunja kwawonetsa kuti gulu ili la surfactants lili ndi antimicrobial yabwino Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti ma surfactants ali ndi ntchito yabwino ya antibacterial.
09 Rheological katundu
The rheological properties of surfactants amatenga gawo lofunika kwambiri pakuzindikira ndi kulosera zomwe adzagwiritse ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo chakudya, mankhwala, kuchotsa mafuta, chisamaliro chaumwini ndi mankhwala osamalira kunyumba. Kafukufuku wambiri wachitika kuti akambirane za ubale pakati pa viscoelasticity ya amino acid surfactants ndi cmc.
10 Ntchito mu makampani zodzoladzola
AAS amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zambiri zosamalira anthu.Potaziyamu N-cocoyl glycinate amapezeka kuti ndi wofatsa pakhungu ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa kumaso kuchotsa zinyalala ndi zodzoladzola. n-Acyl-L-glutamic acid ili ndi magulu awiri a carboxyl, omwe amachititsa kuti madzi asungunuke kwambiri. Pakati pa AAS awa, AAS yochokera ku C 12 mafuta acids amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyeretsa nkhope kuchotsa matope ndi zodzoladzola. AAS yokhala ndi unyolo wa C 18 amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati emulsifiers muzinthu zosamalira khungu, ndipo mchere wa N-Lauryl alanine umadziwika kuti umapanga thovu lokoma lomwe silimakwiyitsa khungu ndipo lingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mankhwala osamalira ana. N-Lauryl-based AAS yogwiritsidwa ntchito muzotsukira mano imakhala ndi zotsukira zabwino zofanana ndi sopo komanso mphamvu yoletsa ma enzyme-inhibiting.
M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, kusankha kwa mankhwala opangira zodzoladzola, mankhwala osamalira anthu komanso mankhwala akuyang'ana pa kawopsedwe kakang'ono, kufatsa, kufatsa kukhudza ndi chitetezo. Ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa amadziwa bwino zomwe zingakhumudwitse, kawopsedwe komanso zinthu zachilengedwe.
Masiku ano, ma AAS amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma shampoos ambiri, utoto wa tsitsi ndi sopo osambira chifukwa cha zabwino zambiri kuposa anzawo achikhalidwe mu zodzoladzola ndi zinthu zosamalira anthu.Ma surfactants opangidwa ndi mapuloteni ali ndi zinthu zofunika pazantchito zosamalira anthu. Ma AAS ena ali ndi luso lopanga mafilimu, pomwe ena ali ndi luso lotulutsa thovu.
Ma amino acid ndi ofunika mwachilengedwe zinthu zonyowa mu stratum corneum. Maselo a epidermal akamwalira, amakhala mbali ya stratum corneum ndipo mapuloteni okhudza maselo ambiri amawonongeka pang'onopang'ono kukhala amino acid. Ma amino acid amenewa amasamutsidwa kupita ku stratum corneum, komwe amamwetsa mafuta kapena zinthu zonga mafuta kulowa mu epidermal stratum corneum, motero amawongolera khungu la khungu. Pafupifupi 50% ya zinthu zachilengedwe zonyowa pakhungu zimapangidwa ndi amino acid ndi pyrrolidone.
Collagen, chinthu chodziwika bwino chodzikongoletsera, chimakhalanso ndi ma amino acid omwe amasunga khungu lofewa.Mavuto a pakhungu monga kukhwinyata ndi kusalimba kumachitika chifukwa chachikulu cha kusowa kwa ma amino acid. Kafukufuku wina anasonyeza kuti kusakaniza amino acid ndi mafuta odzola kumachepetsa kuyaka kwa khungu, ndipo madera omwe anakhudzidwawo anabwerera ku chikhalidwe chawo popanda kukhala zipsera za keloid.
Amino acid apezekanso kuti ndi othandiza kwambiri posamalira ma cuticles omwe awonongeka.Tsitsi louma, lopanda mawonekedwe lingasonyeze kuchepa kwa ma amino acid mu stratum corneum yomwe yawonongeka kwambiri. Ma amino acid amatha kulowa mkati mwa cuticle ndikuyamwa chinyezi kuchokera pakhungu.Kuthekera kumeneku kwa ma amino acid okhala ndi ma surfactants opangidwa ndi amino acid kumawapangitsa kukhala othandiza kwambiri mu shampoos, utoto wa tsitsi, zofewetsa tsitsi, zowongolera tsitsi, komanso kupezeka kwa ma amino acid kumapangitsa tsitsi kukhala lolimba.
11 Ntchito mu zodzoladzola tsiku ndi tsiku
Pakadali pano, pakufunika kufunikira kwazinthu zotsukira zopangira ma amino acid padziko lonse lapansi.AAS amadziwika kuti ali ndi luso loyeretsa bwino, kutulutsa thovu ndi zinthu zofewetsa nsalu, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera zotsukira m'nyumba, ma shampoos, kutsuka thupi ndi ntchito zina.Aspartic acid-derived amphoteric AAS akuti ndi mankhwala othandiza kwambiri okhala ndi chelating properties. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zosakaniza zotsukira zomwe zimakhala ndi N-alkyl-β-aminoethoxy acids zinapezeka kuti zimachepetsa kuyabwa kwa khungu. Mankhwala otsukira amadzimadzi opangidwa ndi N-cocoyl-β-aminopropionate akuti ndi othandiza kwambiri pochotsa madontho amafuta pazitsulo. Aminocarboxylic acid surfactant, C 14 CHOHCH 2 NHCH 2 COONa, yasonyezedwanso kuti ili ndi detergency bwino ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa nsalu, makapeti, tsitsi, galasi, ndi zina. The 2-hydroxy-3-aminopropionic acid-N,N- Chotumphukira cha acetoacetic acid chimadziwika kuti chimakhala ndi luso lophatikizika bwino ndipo motero chimapangitsa kukhazikika kwa ma bleaching agents.
Kukonzekera kwa mankhwala oyeretsera opangidwa ndi N-(N'-long-chain acyl-β-alanyl) -β-alanine adanenedwa ndi Keigo ndi Tatsuya mu patent yawo kuti athe kutsuka bwino komanso kukhazikika, kuthyoka kwa thovu kosavuta komanso kufewetsa bwino kwa nsalu. . Kao anapanga mankhwala opangira detergent opangidwa ndi N-Acyl-1 -N-hydroxy-β-alanine ndipo adanena kuti kupsa mtima kwapakhungu, kuthamanga kwa madzi ndi mphamvu yochotsa madontho.
Kampani ya ku Japan ya Ajinomoto imagwiritsa ntchito AAS yotsika kwambiri komanso yowonongeka mosavuta yochokera ku L-glutamic acid, L-arginine ndi L-lysine monga zosakaniza zazikulu mu shampoos, zotsukira ndi zodzoladzola (Chithunzi 13). Kuthekera kwa zowonjezera za ma enzyme muzopangira zotsukira kuchotsa kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni kwanenedwanso. N-acyl AAS yochokera ku glutamic acid, alanine, methylglycine, serine ndi aspartic acid adanenedwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito ngati zotsukira bwino kwambiri zamadzimadzi munjira zamadzimadzi. Izi surfactants musati kuonjezera mamasukidwe akayendedwe konse, ngakhale pa kutentha otsika kwambiri, ndipo mosavuta anasamutsa chotengera chosungira cha thovu chipangizo kupeza homogeneous thovu.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-09-2022