Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana kwambiri pamakina a antimicrobial a Gemini Surfactants, omwe akuyembekezeka kukhala othandiza kupha mabakiteriya ndipo atha kupereka chithandizo chochepetsera kufalikira kwa ma coronavirus atsopano.
Surfactant, komwe ndi kutsika kwa mawu akuti Surface, Active ndi Agent. Ma Surfactants ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamtunda ndi m'malo olumikizirana ndipo zimakhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu komanso kuchita bwino pakuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa pamwamba (malire), kupanga magulu opangidwa ndi ma molekyulu pamayankho omwe ali pamwamba pa ndende inayake ndipo motero amakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito osiyanasiyana. Ma Surfactants ali ndi dispersibility wabwino, wettability, emulsification luso, ndi katundu antistatic, ndipo akhala zipangizo zofunika chitukuko cha minda yambiri, kuphatikizapo munda wa mankhwala abwino, ndipo ali ndi chothandizira kwambiri pakukonza njira, kuchepetsa kuwononga mphamvu, ndi kuonjezera kupanga dzuwa. . Ndi chitukuko cha anthu ndi kupita patsogolo kwa mafakitale padziko lonse lapansi, kugwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants kwafalikira pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku kupita kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana za chuma cha dziko, monga antibacterial agents, zowonjezera chakudya, minda yatsopano yamagetsi, mankhwala oipitsa ndi biopharmaceuticals.
Ma surfactants ochiritsira ndi mankhwala a "amphiphilic" omwe ali ndi magulu a polar hydrophilic ndi magulu a nonpolar hydrophobic, ndipo mawonekedwe awo a maselo akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1 (a).
Pakalipano, ndi chitukuko cha kukonzanso ndi kukonza machitidwe m'makampani opanga zinthu, kufunikira kwa katundu wa surfactant pakupanga kukuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, kotero ndikofunikira kupeza ndi kupanga ma surfactants okhala ndi malo apamwamba komanso opangidwa ndi apadera. Kupezeka kwa Gemini Surfactants kumatchinga mipata iyi ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira pakupangira mafakitale. Gemini surfactant wamba ndi gulu lomwe lili ndi magulu awiri a hydrophilic (nthawi zambiri ionic kapena nonionic okhala ndi hydrophilic properties) ndi maunyolo awiri a hydrophobic alkyl.
Monga momwe chithunzi 1 (b) chikusonyezera, mosiyana ndi ochiritsira ochiritsira amtundu umodzi, Gemini Surfactants amagwirizanitsa magulu awiri a hydrophilic pamodzi kupyolera mu gulu logwirizanitsa (spacer). Mwachidule, mapangidwe a Gemini surfactant amatha kumveka ngati amapangidwa pomanga mochenjera magulu awiri amutu a hydrophilic a surfactant wamba limodzi ndi gulu lolumikizana.
Mapangidwe apadera a Gemini Surfactant amatsogolera ku ntchito zake zapamwamba, zomwe zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha:
(1) mphamvu yowonjezereka ya hydrophobic ya maunyolo awiri a hydrophobic mchira wa molekyulu ya Gemini Surfactant ndi chizolowezi chowonjezeka cha surfactant kusiya njira yamadzi.
(2) Chizoloŵezi cha magulu a mutu wa hydrophilic kupatukana wina ndi mzake, makamaka magulu a mutu wa ionic chifukwa cha kutengeka kwa electrostatic, amafooka kwambiri ndi mphamvu ya spacer;
(3) Mapangidwe apadera a Gemini Surfactants amakhudza machitidwe awo ophatikizana mu njira yamadzimadzi, kuwapatsa mawonekedwe ovuta komanso osinthika.
Ma Gemini Surfactants ali ndi zochitika zapamwamba zapamtunda (malire), kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono kwa micelle, kunyowa bwino, luso la emulsification komanso mphamvu ya antibacterial poyerekeza ndi ma surfactants wamba. Chifukwa chake, kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma Gemini Surfactants ndikofunikira kwambiri pakupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants.
"Amphiphilic structure" ya ochiritsira surfactants wamba amawapatsa wapadera pamwamba katundu. Monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 1 (c), pamene wochiritsira wamba amawonjezeredwa kumadzi, gulu la mutu wa hydrophilic limakonda kusungunuka mkati mwa njira yamadzimadzi, ndipo gulu la hydrophobic limalepheretsa kusungunuka kwa molecule ya surfactant m'madzi. Pansi pa kuphatikizika kwa machitidwe awiriwa, mamolekyu a surfactant amalemeretsedwa pamawonekedwe amadzi a gasi ndipo amakonzedwa mwadongosolo, potero amachepetsa kuthamanga kwa madzi. Mosiyana ndi ma surfactants wamba, Gemini Surfactants ndi "dimers" omwe amalumikiza zida wamba palimodzi kudzera m'magulu a spacer, zomwe zingachepetse kuthamanga kwamadzi ndi mafuta / madzi bwino kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ma Gemini Surfactants ali ndi ma micelle otsika kwambiri, kusungunuka kwamadzi bwino, emulsification, kuchita thovu, kunyowetsa ndi antibacterial properties.
| Kuyamba kwa Gemini Surfactants Mu 1991, Menger ndi Littau [13] adakonza makina oyamba a bis-alkyl chain surfactant ndi gulu lolimba lolumikizana, ndipo adatcha "Gemini surfactant". M'chaka chomwecho, Zana neri Al [14] anakonza mndandanda wa quaternary ammonium mchere Gemini Surfactants kwa nthawi yoyamba ndipo mwadongosolo anafufuza katundu wa mndandanda wa quaternary ammonium mchere Gemini Surfactants. 1996, ochita kafukufuku anakonza ndi kukambirana za pamwamba (malire) khalidwe, aggregation katundu, rheology yothetsera ndi khalidwe la magawo osiyana Gemini Surfactants pamene aphatikizidwa ndi surfactants ochiritsira. Mu 2002, Zana [15] adafufuza momwe magulu osiyanasiyana olumikizirana amakhudzira machitidwe a Gemini Surfactants mumadzi amadzimadzi, ntchito yomwe idapititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha ma surfactants ndipo inali yofunika kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, Qiu et al [16] adapanga njira yatsopano yopangira ma Gemini Surfactants okhala ndi zida zapadera zozikidwa pa cetyl bromide ndi 4-amino-3,5-dihydroxymethyl-1,2,4-triazole, zomwe zidakulitsanso njira ya Gemini Surfactant synthesis. |
Kafukufuku wa Gemini Surfactants ku China adayamba mochedwa; mu 1999, Jianxi Zhao wochokera ku yunivesite ya Fuzhou adawunikiranso mwadongosolo kafukufuku wakunja pa Gemini Surfactants ndipo adakopa chidwi cha mabungwe ambiri ofufuza ku China. Pambuyo pake, kafukufuku wa Gemini Surfactants ku China adayamba kuyenda bwino ndikupeza zotsatira zabwino. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ofufuza adzipereka pakupanga ma Gemini Surfactants atsopano komanso kafukufuku wamakhalidwe awo okhudzana ndi physicochemical. Nthawi yomweyo, kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Gemini Surfactants kwapangidwa pang'onopang'ono m'magawo oletsa kulera ndi antibacterial, kupanga chakudya, kutulutsa thovu ndi kuletsa thovu, kutulutsa pang'onopang'ono kwa mankhwala ndi kuyeretsa mafakitale. Kutengera ngati magulu a hydrophilic mu mamolekyu a surfactant amalipidwa kapena ayi komanso mtundu wamtundu womwe amanyamula, Gemini Surfactants amatha kugawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa: cationic, anionic, nonionic ndi amphoteric Gemini Surfactants. Pakati pawo, cationic Gemini Surfactants ambiri amanena za quaternary ammonium kapena ammonium salt Gemini Surfactants, anionic Gemini Surfactants makamaka amatchula Gemini Surfactants omwe magulu awo a hydrophilic ndi sulfonic acid, phosphate ndi carboxylic acid, pamene Nonionic Gemini Surfactants ndi polyoxyethylene Surfactants Gemini.
1.1 Cationic Gemini Surfactants
Cationic Gemini Surfactants amatha kusiyanitsa ma cations munjira zamadzimadzi, makamaka ammonium ndi quaternary ammonium salt Gemini Surfactants. Cationic Gemini Surfactants ali ndi biodegradability yabwino, mphamvu yowononga kwambiri, mphamvu yokhazikika yamankhwala, kawopsedwe kakang'ono, kapangidwe kosavuta, kaphatikizidwe kosavuta, kupatukana kosavuta ndi kuyeretsa, komanso kukhala ndi bactericidal properties, anticorrosion, antistatic properties ndi kufewa.
Ma quaternary ammonium salt-based Gemini Surfactants nthawi zambiri amakonzedwa kuchokera ku ma amine apamwamba ndi ma alkylation reaction. Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zopangira motere: imodzi ndiyo quaternize dibromo-substituted alkanes ndi single-long-chain alkyl dimethyl tertiary amines; ina ndikuchepetsa 1-bromo-substituted long-chain alkanes ndi N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl alkyl diamines okhala ndi anhydrous ethanol monga zosungunulira ndi kutentha reflux. Komabe, ma alkane olowa m'malo a dibromo ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi njira yachiwiri, ndipo momwe zimachitikira zikuwonetsedwa pa chithunzi 2.
1.2 Anionic Gemini Surfactants
Anionic Gemini Surfactants amatha kusiyanitsa anions mu njira yamadzimadzi, makamaka sulfonates, mchere wa sulphate, carboxylates ndi mchere wa phosphate mtundu wa Gemini Surfactants. Ma anionic surfactants ali ndi zinthu zabwinoko monga decontamination, thovu, kubalalitsidwa, emulsification ndi kunyowetsa, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati zotsukira, zotulutsa thobvu, zonyowetsa, zopangira ma emulsifiers ndi dispersants.
1.2.1 Sulfonates
Ma biosurfactants opangidwa ndi sulfonate ali ndi ubwino wosungunuka bwino m'madzi, kunyowa bwino, kutentha kwabwino ndi kukana mchere, kutsukidwa bwino, ndi mphamvu yamphamvu yobalalitsira, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati zotsukira, zotulutsa thovu, zonyowetsa, zopangira magetsi, ndi zotulutsa mafuta mu petroleum, makampani opanga nsalu, ndi mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa cha magwero awo ambiri a zopangira, njira zosavuta zopangira, komanso zotsika mtengo. Li et al adapanga ma dialkyl disulfonic acid Gemini Surfactants (2Cn-SCT), mtundu wa sulfonate wamtundu wa baryonic surfactant, pogwiritsa ntchito trichloramine, aliphatic amine ndi taurine ngati zida zopangira masitepe atatu.
1.2.2 Mchere wa sulphate
Sulfate ester salt doublet surfactants ali ndi ubwino wambiri-otsika kwambiri pamwamba, zochitika zapamwamba, kusungunuka kwamadzi, gwero lalikulu la zipangizo komanso kaphatikizidwe kosavuta. Ilinso ndi ntchito yabwino yochapira komanso kuchita thovu, kugwira ntchito mokhazikika m'madzi olimba, ndi mchere wa sulfate ester salowerera ndale kapena wamchere pang'ono munjira yamadzi. Monga momwe chithunzi 3, Sun Dong et al adagwiritsa ntchito lauric acid ndi polyethylene glycol monga zopangira zazikulu ndikuwonjezera zomangira za sulphate ester kudzera m'malo, esterification ndi zochita zowonjezera, motero kupanga mchere wa sulfate ester mtundu wa baryonic surfactant-GA12-S-12.
1.2.3 Carboxylic acid mchere
Ma Carboxylate-based Gemini Surfactants nthawi zambiri amakhala ofatsa, obiriwira, amatha kuwonongeka mosavuta ndipo amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe, zopangira zitsulo zambiri, kukana madzi olimba komanso kubalalika kwa sopo wa calcium, kutulutsa thovu komanso kunyowetsa, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazamankhwala, nsalu, mankhwala abwino ndi zina. Kuyambitsidwa kwa magulu a amide m'ma biosurfactants opangidwa ndi carboxylate kumatha kupititsa patsogolo kuwonongeka kwa mamolekyu a surfactant komanso kuwapangitsa kukhala abwino kunyowetsa, emulsification, kubalalitsidwa ndi kuwononga. Mei et al adapanga carboxylate-based baryonic surfactant CGS-2 yokhala ndi magulu amide pogwiritsa ntchito dodecylamine, dibromoethane ndi succinic anhydride ngati zopangira.
1.2.4 Mchere wa Phosphate
Phosphate ester mchere wamtundu wa Gemini Surfactants ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi ma phospholipids achilengedwe ndipo amakonda kupanga zinthu monga ma reverse micelles ndi ma vesicles. Phosphate ester mchere wamtundu wa Gemini Surfactants akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati antistatic agents ndi zotsukira zovala, pomwe mawonekedwe awo apamwamba a emulsification komanso kupsa mtima kochepa kwapangitsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri posamalira khungu. Ma esters ena a phosphate amatha kukhala anticancer, antitumor ndi antibacterial, ndipo mankhwala ambiri apangidwa. Phosphate ester salt type biosurfactants ali ndi emulsification yapamwamba ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito osati ngati antibacterial ndi insecticides komanso ngati mankhwala a herbicides. Zheng et al adaphunzira kaphatikizidwe ka phosphate ester salt Gemini Surfactants kuchokera ku P2O5 ndi ortho-quat-based oligomeric diols, omwe amakhala ndi mphamvu yonyowa bwino, katundu wabwino wa antistatic, komanso njira yosavuta yophatikizira yokhala ndi zinthu zochepa. Mapangidwe a molekyulu a potassium phosphate salt baryonic surfactant akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 4.
1.3 Non-ionic Gemini Surfactants
Nonionic Gemini Surfactants sangathe kulekanitsidwa mu njira yamadzimadzi ndipo amapezeka mu mawonekedwe a maselo. Mtundu uwu wa baryonic surfactant sanaphunzirepo pang'ono mpaka pano, ndipo pali mitundu iwiri, imodzi ndi yochokera ku shuga ndipo ina ndi mowa ether ndi phenol ether. Nonionic Gemini Surfactants kulibe mu ionic state mu njira yothetsera, kotero amakhala okhazikika kwambiri, samakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi ma electrolyte amphamvu, amakhala ndi zovuta zovuta ndi mitundu ina ya surfactants, ndipo amakhala ndi kusungunuka kwabwino. Choncho, nonionic surfactants ndi katundu zosiyanasiyana monga detergency wabwino, dispersibility, emulsification, thovu, wettability, antistatic katundu ndi yolera yotseketsa, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri mbali zosiyanasiyana monga mankhwala ndi zokutira. Monga momwe chithunzi 5, mu 2004, FitzGerald et al synthesized polyoxyethylene based Gemini Surfactants (nonionic surfactants), omwe mawonekedwe ake adawonetsedwa ngati (Cn-2H2n-3CHCH2O(CH2CH2O)mH)2(CH2)6 (kapena GemnEm).
02 Physicochemical katundu wa Gemini Surfactants
2.1 Ntchito ya Gemini Surfactants
Njira yosavuta komanso yachindunji yowunika momwe ma surfactants amagwirira ntchito ndi kuyeza kugwedezeka kwapamadzi kwa mayankho awo amadzi. M'malo mwake, ma surfactants amachepetsa kusamvana kwapamtunda kwa yankho ndi dongosolo lokhazikika pamtunda (malire) ndege (Chithunzi 1 (c)). The critical micelle concentration (CMC) ya Gemini Surfactants ndi yoposa maulamuliro awiri a kukula kwazing'ono ndipo mtengo wa C20 ndi wotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ma surfactants wamba omwe ali ndi mapangidwe ofanana. Molekyu ya baryonic surfactant ili ndi magulu awiri a hydrophilic omwe amawathandiza kukhalabe osungunuka bwino m'madzi pomwe ali ndi maunyolo aatali a hydrophobic. Pamadzi / mpweya mawonekedwe, ochiritsira surfactants momasuka anakonza chifukwa cha malo malo kukana zotsatira ndi repulsion wa milandu homogeneous mu mamolekyu, motero kufooketsa mphamvu yawo kuchepetsa pamwamba mavuto a madzi. Mosiyana ndi izi, magulu olumikizana a Gemini Surfactants amalumikizana kwambiri kotero kuti mtunda wapakati pamagulu awiri a hydrophilic usungidwe mkati mwaung'ono (ocheperako kwambiri kuposa mtunda wapakati pamagulu a hydrophilic a surfactants wamba), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti Gemini Surfactants azichita bwino. pamwamba (malire).
2.2 Mapangidwe a Msonkhano wa Gemini Surfactants
Mu njira zamadzimadzi, pamene kuchuluka kwa baryonic surfactant kumawonjezeka, mamolekyu ake amadzaza pamwamba pa yankho, zomwe zimakakamiza mamolekyu ena kuti asamukire mkati mwa yankho kuti apange micelles. Kuchuluka komwe surfactant imayamba kupanga micelles amatchedwa Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). Monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 9, ndende ikachuluka kuposa CMC, mosiyana ndi ma surfactants wamba omwe amaphatikizana kuti apange micelles ozungulira, Gemini Surfactants amapanga ma micelle morphologies osiyanasiyana, monga ma linear ndi bilayer, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo. Kusiyana kwa micelle kukula, mawonekedwe ndi hydration zimakhudza mwachindunji gawo khalidwe ndi rheological katundu wa yankho, komanso kumabweretsa kusintha viscoelasticity yankho. Ma surfactants ochiritsira, monga ma anionic surfactants (SDS), nthawi zambiri amapanga ma micelles ozungulira, omwe amakhala osakhudza kukhuthala kwa yankho. Komabe, mawonekedwe apadera a Gemini Surfactants amatsogolera ku mapangidwe ovuta kwambiri a micelle morphology ndi katundu wa mayankho awo amadzimadzi amasiyana kwambiri ndi ma surfactants wamba. Kukhuthala kwa njira zamadzimadzi za Gemini Surfactants kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa ma Gemini Surfactants, mwina chifukwa ma micelles opangidwa ndi mizere amalumikizana kukhala ukonde. Komabe, kukhuthala kwa yankho kumachepa ndi kuchuluka kwa surfactant ndende, mwina chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa mawonekedwe a ukonde ndi mapangidwe a micelle ena.
03 Antimicrobial katundu wa Gemini Surfactants
Monga mtundu wa organic antimicrobial wothandizila, ndi antimicrobial limagwirira wa baryonic surfactant makamaka kuti Chiphatikiza ndi anions pa selo nembanemba pamwamba tizilombo kapena amachitira ndi sulfhydryl magulu kusokoneza kupanga mapuloteni awo ndi nembanemba selo, motero kuwononga tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono zimakhala ziletsa. kapena kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
3.1 Antimicrobial katundu wa anionic Gemini Surfactants
Ma antimicrobial properties a antimicrobial anionic surfactants amatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi momwe ma antimicrobial moieties amanyamula. M'mayankho a colloidal monga ma latexes achilengedwe ndi zokutira, maunyolo a hydrophilic amamangirira ku dispersants osungunuka ndi madzi, ndipo maunyolo a hydrophobic amamangiriza ku ma hydrophobic dispersions potengera njira, motero amasintha mawonekedwe a magawo awiri kukhala filimu yowoneka bwino yama cell. Magulu oletsa mabakiteriya omwe ali pamtunda wowundanawu amalepheretsa kukula kwa mabakiteriya.
Kachitidwe ka bakiteriya kuletsa kwa anionic surfactants ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi ya cationic surfactants. Kuletsa kwa bakiteriya kwa anionic surfactants kumagwirizana ndi njira yawo yothetsera mavuto ndi magulu oletsa, kotero mtundu uwu wa surfactant ukhoza kukhala wochepa. Mtundu uwu wa surfactant uyenera kukhalapo pamilingo yokwanira kuti surfactant ikhalepo m'mbali zonse za dongosolo kuti apange mphamvu yabwino ya microbicidal. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mtundu uwu wa surfactant ulibe malo omwe amawunikira komanso kuwongolera, zomwe sizimangoyambitsa zinyalala zosafunikira, komanso zimapangitsa kukana kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mwachitsanzo, alkyl sulfonate-based biosurfactants akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito muzachipatala. Alkyl sulfonates, monga Busulfan ndi Treosulfan, makamaka amachiza matenda a myeloproliferative, omwe amachititsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano pakati pa guanine ndi ureapurine, pamene kusintha kumeneku sikungathe kukonzedwa ndi kuyesedwa kwa ma cell, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maselo a apoptotic afe.
3.2 Antimicrobial katundu wa cationic Gemini Surfactants
Mtundu waukulu wa cationic Gemini Surfactants opangidwa ndi quaternary ammonium salt mtundu Gemini Surfactants. Quaternary ammonium mtundu cationic Gemini Surfactants ndi mphamvu bactericidal zotsatira chifukwa pali awiri hydrophobic yaitali alkane maunyolo mu quaternary ammonium mtundu baryonic surfactant mamolekyulu, ndi hydrophobic unyolo kupanga hydrophobic adsorption ndi khoma selo (peptidoglycan); nthawi yomweyo, ali ndi ayoni awiri abwino mlandu nayitrogeni, amene amalimbikitsa makonde surfactant mamolekyu pamwamba pa mabakiteriya zoipa mlandu, ndipo kudzera malowedwe ndi kufalikira, unyolo hydrophobic kulowa kwambiri mu Bacterial cell nembanemba lipid wosanjikiza, kusintha permeability wa cell membrane, zomwe zimatsogolera kuphulika kwa bakiteriya, kuwonjezera pamagulu a hydrophilic mozama mu mapuloteni, zomwe zimatsogolera kutayika kwa ntchito ya enzyme ndi kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni, chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwa zotsatira ziwirizi, kupanga fungicide kukhala ndi mphamvu bactericidal zotsatira.
Komabe, poyang'ana chilengedwe, ma surfactants awa ali ndi ntchito ya hemolytic ndi cytotoxicity, ndipo nthawi yayitali yolumikizana ndi zamoyo zam'madzi ndi kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kungapangitse kawopsedwe kawo.
3.3 Antibacterial katundu wa nonionic Gemini Surfactants
Pakali pano pali mitundu iwiri ya Nonionic Gemini Surfactants, imodzi ndi yochokera ku shuga ndipo ina ndi ether mowa ndi phenol ether.
Dongosolo la antibacterial la biosurfactants lopangidwa ndi shuga limatengera kuyanjana kwa mamolekyu, ndipo opangidwa ndi shuga amatha kumangirira ku nembanemba zama cell, zomwe zimakhala ndi phospholipids yambiri. Pamene ndende ya zotumphukira shuga surfactants kufika mlingo winawake, izo amasintha permeability wa selo nembanemba, kupanga pores ndi ion njira, zomwe zimakhudza kayendedwe ka zakudya ndi mpweya kuwombola, kuchititsa outflow wa nkhani ndipo pamapeto pake kumabweretsa imfa ya bakiteriya.
The antibacterial limagwirira wa phenolic ndi mowa ethers antimicrobial agents ndi kuchita pa selo khoma kapena cell nembanemba ndi michere, kutsekereza ntchito kagayidwe kachakudya ndi kusokoneza regenerative ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ma antimicrobial ethers a diphenyl ethers ndi zotumphukira zake (phenols) amamizidwa m'maselo a bakiteriya kapena ma virus ndikuchita kudzera mu khoma la cell ndi nembanemba ya cell, kuletsa ntchito ndi ntchito ya michere yokhudzana ndi kaphatikizidwe ka nucleic acid ndi mapuloteni, kukula ndi kubereka kwa mabakiteriya. Zimalepheretsanso kagayidwe kachakudya ndi kupuma kwa ma enzymes mkati mwa mabakiteriya, omwe amalephera.
3.4 Antibacterial katundu wa amphoteric Gemini Surfactants
Amphoteric Gemini Surfactants ndi gulu la ma surfactants omwe ali ndi ma cations ndi anions m'maselo awo, amatha kuyimitsa mumadzi amadzimadzi, ndikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a anionic surfactants mu sing'anga imodzi ndi cationic surfactants mu chikhalidwe china chapakati. Limagwirira wa bakiteriya chopinga wa amphoteric surfactants ndi wosadziwika, koma ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chopinga akhoza kukhala ofanana ndi quaternary ammonium surfactants, kumene surfactant mosavuta adsorbed pa zoipa mlandu pamwamba bakiteriya ndi kusokoneza kagayidwe bakiteriya.
3.4.1 Antimicrobial katundu wa amino acid Gemini Surfactants
Amino asidi mtundu baryonic surfactant ndi cationic amphoteric baryonic surfactant wopangidwa awiri amino zidulo, kotero ake antimicrobial limagwirira ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi quaternary ammonium mchere mtundu baryonic surfactant. Mbali yabwino ya surfactant imakopeka ndi gawo loyipa la bakiteriya kapena mavairasi chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwa electrostatic, ndipo pambuyo pake maunyolo a hydrophobic amamangirira ku lipid bilayer, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kutuluka kwa maselo ndi lysis mpaka imfa. Ili ndi maubwino ambiri kuposa ma quaternary ammonium-based Gemini Surfactants: mosavuta biodegradability, kutsika kwa hemolytic ntchito, komanso kawopsedwe kakang'ono, kotero ikupangidwira kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ndipo gawo lake likukulitsidwa.
3.4.2 Antibacterial katundu wa osakhala amino acid mtundu Gemini Surfactants
Mitundu yosakhala ya amino acid ya amphoteric Gemini Surfactants ili ndi zotsalira za mamolekyulu omwe ali ndi malo omwe sangawopseze komanso olakwika. Mitundu yayikulu yopanda amino acid Gemini Surfactants ndi betaine, imidazoline, ndi amine oxide. Kutengera mtundu wa betaine monga mwachitsanzo, ma surfactants amtundu wa betaine ali ndi magulu anionic ndi cationic m'mamolekyu awo, omwe samakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi mchere wachilengedwe komanso amakhala ndi zotsatira zochulukirapo munjira zonse za acidic ndi zamchere, komanso antimicrobial mechanism ya cationic Gemini Surfactants ndi. kutsatiridwa mu njira za acidic ndi za anionic Gemini Surfactants muzosakaniza zamchere. Ilinso ndi ntchito yabwino yophatikizira ndi mitundu ina ya ma surfactants.
04 Kumaliza ndi mawonekedwe
Ma Gemini Surfactants akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'moyo chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apadera, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poletsa kuletsa mabakiteriya, kupanga chakudya, kutulutsa thovu ndi kuletsa thovu, kutulutsa pang'onopang'ono kwa mankhwala ndi kuyeretsa mafakitale. Pakuchulukirachulukira kwachitetezo cha chilengedwe chobiriwira, Gemini Surfactants amapangidwa pang'onopang'ono kukhala okonda zachilengedwe komanso ochita ntchito zambiri. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo pa Gemini Surfactants akhoza kuchitidwa m'mbali zotsatirazi: kupanga Gemini Surfactants atsopano okhala ndi mapangidwe apadera ndi ntchito, makamaka kulimbikitsa kafukufuku wa antibacterial ndi antiviral; kuphatikiza ndi ma surfactants wamba kapena zowonjezera kuti apange zinthu zogwira ntchito bwino; ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zopangira zotsika mtengo komanso zopezeka mosavuta kupanga ma Gemini Surfactants osawononga chilengedwe.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-25-2022