Nthawi zambiri, gawo limodzi la emulsion ndi madzi kapena njira yamadzimadzi, yomwe imatchedwa gawo lamadzi; Gawo lina ndi gawo lachilengedwe lomwe silingagwirizane ndi madzi, lomwe limadziwika kuti gawo lamafuta.

1, Gulu

Njira zitatu zamagulu:

1. Zodziwika ndi gwero: zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zinthu zopangidwa;

2. Zodziwika ndi kulemera kwa mamolekyu: zochepetsera kulemera kwa maselo (c10-c20) ndi emulsifiers olemera kwambiri (c zikwi);

3. Malingana ndi momwe zingathere mu njira yamadzimadzi, imatha kugawidwa mumtundu wa ionic (anions, cations, ndi anions ndi cations) ndi mtundu wosakhala wa ionic.

Iyi ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

 

2. Ntchito ndi mfundo ya emulsifiers

Ntchito yayikulu ya emulsifiers ndikuchepetsa kuthamanga kwamadzimadzi awiri omwe amapangidwa. Choncho, pamene surfactants ntchito monga emulsifiers, mbali imodzi ya hydrophobic gulu adsorbs pamwamba pa insoluble madzi particles (monga mafuta), pamene gulu hydrophilic amafikira madzi. Surfactants ndi directionally anakonza padziko madzi particles kupanga hydrophilic adsorption filimu (interfacial filimu), kuti kuchepetsa kukopana pakati m'malovu, kuchepetsa mavuto padziko pakati pa magawo awiri, ndi kulimbikitsa onse kubalalitsidwa kupanga emulsions.

Kuchuluka kwa surfactant kumakhudza mwachindunji mphamvu ya chigoba cha nkhope. Ndi ndende yayikulu, pali mamolekyu ambiri a surfactant omwe amatsatiridwa pamawonekedwe, kupanga mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso olimba.

Ma emulsifiers osiyanasiyana amakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana za emulsification, ndipo ndalama zomwe zimafunikira kuti mukwaniritse zotsatira zabwino za emulsification zimasiyananso. Nthawi zambiri, mphamvu ya mamolekyu ya emulsifier yomwe imapanga malire a chigoba cha nkhope, mphamvu ya filimuyi ikukwera, ndipo mafuta odzola amakhala okhazikika; M'malo mwake, mphamvu yaying'ono, imachepetsa mphamvu ya filimuyo, komanso emulsion yosakhazikika.

Pakakhala ma molekyulu a polar organic monga mowa wamafuta, mafuta acid ndi mafuta amine mu chigoba cha nkhope, mphamvu ya nembanemba imakhala bwino. Izi ndichifukwa choti mamolekyu a emulsifier amalumikizana ndi mamolekyu a polar monga mowa, asidi ndi amine mu mawonekedwe adsorption wosanjikiza kuti apange zovuta, zomwe zimawonjezera mphamvu ya mawonekedwe a nkhope chigoba.

Emulsifier yopangidwa ndi zinthu zopitilira ziwiri ndi emulsifier yosakanikirana. Chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwamphamvu pakati pa mamolekyu, kusagwirizana kwapakati kumachepetsedwa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa emulsifier komwe kumapangidwira pamawonekedwe kumawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo kachulukidwe ndi mphamvu ya chigoba cha nkhope ya nkhope zimawonjezeka.

Pa mapangidwe emulsion, ndi interfacial mavuto pakati mafuta ndi madzi kwambiri yafupika chifukwa nawo surfactants, ndipo amakhala khola emulsion. Komabe, pakadali mafuta-madzi interfacial mavuto mu emulsion amene sangathe kufika ziro chifukwa CMC kapena zoletsa solubility. Choncho, lotion ndi thermodynamic wosakhazikika dongosolo.

Kusagwirizana pakati pa mafuta ndi madzi a emulsion yaying'ono ndi otsika kwambiri kotero kuti sikungayesedwe. Ndi thermodynamic stable system. Izi zimatheka makamaka powonjezera mtundu wachiwiri wa surfactant wokhala ndi zinthu zosiyana kotheratu (monga zakumwa zoledzeretsa zokhala ndi pentanol, hexanol, ndi heptanol, zomwe zimadziwika kuti co surfactants), zomwe zitha kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwapakati pamlingo wocheperako, ngakhale kubweretsa zinthu zoyipa nthawi yomweyo. Izi zitha kufotokozedwa ndi Gibbs' adsorption equation yamakina amitundu yambiri.

 

3, Mtundu wa emulsion

Mtundu

Common emulsion , gawo limodzi ndi madzi kapena njira yamadzimadzi, ndipo lina ndi zinthu zamoyo zomwe sizisungunuka ndi madzi, monga mafuta, sera, etc.emulsion opangidwa ndi madzi ndi mafuta akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu:

(a) Mafuta amtundu wamadzi (O'W)
(e) Mkaka wophatikiza (W/O/W)
(b) Mafuta amtundu wamadzi (W/O)

(1) Mafuta / madzi (0/W) emulsion, mafuta omwazika m'madzi. Mafuta ndi gawo lobalalika (gawo lamkati), ndipo madzi ndi gawo lopitilira (gawo lakunja) mafuta mu emulsion yamadzi, yomwe imatha kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi. Monga mkaka, soya mkaka, etc.

(2) Madzi / mafuta (W/0) emulsion, madzi omwazika mu mafuta. Madzi ndi gawo lomwazika (gawo lamkati) ndipo mafuta ndi gawo lopitilira (gawo lakunja) lamadzi mu emulsion yamafuta. Mtundu uwu wa emulsion ukhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi mafuta. Monga mafuta opangira mafuta, mafuta onunkhira, etc.

(3) mphete zooneka emulsions, opangidwa ndi alternating kubalalitsidwa madzi ndi mafuta magawo wosanjikiza ndi wosanjikiza, makamaka kubwera m'njira ziwiri: mafuta m'madzi ndi mafuta mu mafuta 0/W/0 (ie madzi gawo ndi omwazika mafuta m'malovu inaimitsidwa mu gawo mafuta ndi madzi mu mafuta ndi madzi m'madzi W / 0 / W (ie mafuta gawo ndi omwazika madzi m'malovu amadzimadzi emulsion ndi kuimitsidwa kagawo ka madzi amadzimadzi). mafuta onunkhira.

 

Njira yowunika mtundu wa emulsion

(1) Njira ya dilution

Sungunulani emulsion ndi madzi omwewo monga gawo lopitirira. The madzi sungunuka emulsion ndi mafuta / madzi mtundu, ndi mafuta sungunuka emulsion ndi madzi / mafuta mtundu.
Mwachitsanzo, mkaka ukhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi, koma sungakhale wosakanikirana ndi mafuta a masamba. Zitha kuwoneka kuti mkaka ndi O / W emulsion.

(2) Njira yoyendetsera

Ma conductivity a madzi ndi mafuta amasiyana kwambiri, ndipo conductivity ya emulsion ya mafuta / madzi imakhala yochuluka kwambiri kuposa madzi / mafuta. Chifukwa chake, ma elekitirodi awiri amalowetsedwa mu emulsion ndipo neon imalumikizidwa pamndandanda, ndipo kuwala kwamafuta / madzi kumayatsidwa.

(3) Njira yothirira

Onjezani madontho 2-3 a utoto wopangidwa ndi mafuta kapena madzi mu chubu choyesera, ndikuweruza mtundu wa emulsion molingana ndi mtundu uti wa utoto womwe ungapangitse gawo lopitilira kukhala lofanana.

(4) Sefa njira yonyowetsa mapepala

Ikani mafuta odzola pa pepala losefera. Ngati madziwo amatha kukula mofulumira ndipo dontho laling'ono latsala pakati, mafuta odzola ndi mafuta m'madzi; ngati madontho odzola samakula, mafuta amtundu wamadzi.

(5) Optical refraction njira

The osiyana refractive index wa madzi ndi mafuta kuwala ntchito kuzindikira mtundu wa emulsion. Ngati emulsion ndi mafuta m'madzi, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timagwira ntchito yosonkhanitsa kuwala, ndipo gawo lamanzere la tinthu tating'onoting'ono limatha kuwoneka ndi microscope; Ngati emulsion ndi madzi mu mafuta, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timagwira ntchito ya astigmatism, ndipo ndondomeko yokha ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono tingawoneke ndi microscope;

Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza mtundu wa emulsion

(1) Gawo la magawo:

Chiphunzitso cha voliyumu ya gawo chinaperekedwa ndi 0stwald kuchokera ku kawonedwe ka geometric. Lingaliro ndiloti poganiza kuti mikanda yamadzimadzi ya mafuta odzola ndi yofanana ndi kukula kwake ndi magawo okhwima, gawo la voliyumu la mikanda yamadzimadzi likhoza kuwerengera 74.02% ya voliyumu yonse pamene iwo ali odzaza kwambiri. Ngati gawo voliyumu chiwerengero cha mikanda madzi ndi wamkulu kuposa 74.02%, odzola adzakhala olumala kapena kuonongeka.

(a) yunifolomu droplet wolemera mulu nsalu emulsion
(b) Osafanana droplet wandiweyani stacking emulsion
(c) Non spherical madzi m'malovu amafuna stacking ndi emulsion (osakhazikika)

Tengani mtundu wa O / W emulsion monga chitsanzo, ngati gawo lophatikizana la mafuta liri lalikulu kuposa 74.02%, emulsion imatha kupanga mtundu wa W / 0, pamene mtundu wa O / i uli wosakwana 25,98%, ndipo pamene gawolo ndi 25.98% -74.02%, likhoza kupanga mtundu wa 0 / W kapena W0.

 

Kapangidwe ka Mamolekyulu ndi Katundu Wa Ma Emulsifiers - Wedge Theory

Chiphunzitso cha mphero chimachokera ku mapangidwe a malo a emulsifiers kuti adziwe mtundu wa emulsion. Lingaliro la wedge likuwonetsa kuti madera apakati amagulu a hydrophilic ndi hydrophobic mu emulsifiers sali ofanana. Mamolekyu a emulsifiers amawonedwa ngati ma wedge, mbali imodzi ndi yayikulu ndipo ina yaying'ono. Mapeto ang'onoang'ono a emulsifier amatha kuyikidwa pamwamba pa dontho ngati mphero ndikukonzedwa molunjika pa mawonekedwe amadzi amafuta. Mapeto a hydrophilic polar amafikira gawo lamadzi, pomwe unyolo wa lipophilic hydrocarbon umafikira mugawo lamafuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu yolumikizana.

 

Mphamvu ya Emulsifier Material pa Mtundu wa emulsion

Kuwonjezera pa chikoka cha zinthu monga emulsion zikuchokera zipangizo ndi emulsion kupanga zinthu, zinthu zakunja zimakhudzanso mtundu wa emulsion. Mwachitsanzo, chikhalidwe cha hydrophilic ndi lipophilic cha khoma la emulsion ndi champhamvu, ndipo O / W emulsion ndi yosavuta kupanga pamene chikhalidwe cha hydrophilic cha khoma la emulsion chimakhala cholimba, pamene W / 0 emulsion ndi yosavuta kupanga pamene chikhalidwe cha lipophilic cha khoma la emulsion chimakhala champhamvu. Chifukwa chake ndi chakuti madziwa amafunika kukhalabe ndi gawo lopitirirabe pakhoma, kotero kuti sikophweka kumwazikana mu mikanda yamadzimadzi pamene akuyambitsa. Galasi ndi hydrophilic pamene pulasitiki ndi hydrophobic, kotero yoyamba imakonda kupanga ma emulsions a O / W pamene otsiriza amatha kupanga ma emulsions a W / 0.

 

Chiphunzitso cha Aggregation Velocity of Two Phases

The coalescence liwiro chiphunzitso akuyamba ku chikoka cha coalescence liwiro la mitundu iwiri ya m'malovu amene amapanga emulsion pa emulsion, ndi oweruza kuti coalescence liwiro la mitundu iwiri ya m'malovu zimadalira pa coalescence liwiro la mitundu iwiri ya m'malovu pamene emulsion, shaki, ndi kupha pamodzi kuphimba kufunika.

 

Kutentha

Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kudzachepetsa hydration digiri ya magulu a hydrophilic, potero kuchepetsa hydrophilicity ya mamolekyu. Choncho, emulsion 0/w kupangidwa pa kutentha otsika akhoza kusintha mu W/0 emulsion pa Kutentha mmwamba. Kutentha kwa kusinthaku ndi kutentha komwe hydrophilic ndi lipophilic katundu wa surfactant amafika pamlingo woyenera, womwe umadziwika kuti gawo losinthira kutentha kwa PIT.

Komabe, pamene ndende ya emulsifier ndi yaikulu mokwanira kuti igonjetse chikoka cha kunyowetsa katundu wa emulsifier zakuthupi, mtundu wa emulsion wopangidwa umangodalira chikhalidwe cha emulsifier palokha ndipo alibe chochita ndi hydrophilicity ndi lipophilicity wa khoma chotengera.