Nthawi zambiri, gawo limodzi la emulsion ndi madzi kapena madzi am'madzi, omwe amatchedwa gawo lamadzi; Gawo lina ndi gawo la organic lomwe limakhala losatheka ndi madzi, lomwe limadziwika kuti gawo lamafuta.

1, gulu

Njira zitatu zogawika:

1. Zosankhidwa ndi gwero: zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zinthu zopangidwa;

2. Kusankhidwa ndi kulemera kwa ma molecular: Kuchepetsa pang'ono kwa mabwalo olemera (C10-C20) ndi ma encurifiers olemera kwambiri (ma zikwizikwi);

3. Malinga ndi ngati lingakhale loyenera kwambiri yankho, zitha kugawidwa mu mtundu wa Ionic (anyezi, ma ces, ndi zigawo) komanso mtundu wa Ionic.

Ichi ndiye njira yolumikizirana kwambiri.

 

2, ntchito ndi mfundo za emulsifiers

Ntchito yayikulu ya emulsifiers ndiyo kuchepetsa nkhawa za zakumwa ziwirizi zomwe zakonzedwa. Chifukwa chake, pamene owonjezera amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma emulsifier, kumapeto kwa gulu lawo la hydrophobic. Ogwiritsa ntchito amakonzedwa pamtunda wamadzi kuti apange filimu ya hydrophilic adsorption (filimu ya interfacial), kuti muchepetse kusokonezeka pakati pa magawo awiri, ndikulimbikitsa kupezeka pakati pa emulsions.

Kukhazikika kwa olemera kumakhudza kwambiri mphamvu ya chigoba cha nkhope ya nkhope. Pokhala ndi ndende kwambiri, pali mamolekyulu ambiri okonda kupangika pamawonekedwe, ndikupanga mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a nkhope.

Ma emulsifiers osiyanasiyana amakhala ndi zotsatirapo zosiyanasiyana za emulsization, ndipo kuchuluka komwe kumafunikira kuti akwaniritsenso mphamvu za emulsimel zimasiyananso. Nthawi zambiri, mphamvu yayikulu ya emulsilifier yomwe imapangitsa malire a nkhope, mphamvu zapamwamba kwambiri. M'malo mwake, mphamvu yaying'ono, yotsitsira mphamvu ya makanema, komanso osakhazikika emulsion.

Ngati pali mamolekyu ochulukirapo monga mowa wamafuta, mafuta acid ndi mafuta amine m'chigolo cha nkhope, mphamvu ya nembane ili bwino kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa cha mamolekyulu a emulsifier amalumikizana ndi mabelekyulu omwawo monga mowa, asidi ndi Amine mu mawonekedwe adsorption wosanjikiza kuti apange zovuta, zomwe zimawonjezera mphamvu ya chigoba cha nkhope ya nkhope.

Emulganier yopangidwa ndi zoposa ziwiri zowonjezera ndi emulsifier. Chifukwa cha kulumikizana pakati pa mamolekyulu, kusokonezeka kwa ziwonetsero kumachepetsedwa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa emulsifier adsorbed pa mawonekedwewo kumachulukirachulukira, ndipo kachulukidwe ndi mphamvu yopangidwa ndi maskitala a nkhope ya nkhope zimawonjezeredwa.

Pa mapangidwe a emulsion, kusamvana kwakanthawi pakati pa mafuta ndi madzi kumachepetsedwa kwambiri chifukwa chotenga ogwiritsa ntchito, ndipo kumakhala emulsion. Komabe, pamakhala matenda osokoneza thupi omwe ali m'malo mwa emulsion omwe sangathe kufikira zero chifukwa cha ma cmc kapena kusungunuka. Chifukwa chake, mafuta ndi njira yopanda pake.

Kusamvana pakati pa mafuta ndi madzi a micro emulsion kumakhala kotsika kwambiri kotero kuti silingayesedwe. Ndi dongosolo lokhazikika la Thermodynamic. Izi zimatheka powonjezera mtundu wachiwiri wa zochulukitsa kwambiri komanso zochulukirapo monga pentanol, heptanol, yodziwika kuti contactont pang'ono, ngakhale zimapangitsa kuti muchepetse mavuto ambiri. Izi zitha kufotokozedwa ndi Gibbsption 'Adsorption' Adsorption Equation yamakina angapo.

 

3, mtundu wa emulsion

Mtundu

Emulsion wamba, gawo limodzi ndi madzi kapena njira yothetsera madzi, ndipo inayo ndi yotheratu yomwe imatha kapena mafuta, sera, ufa ukhoza kugawidwa m'mitundu itatu:

(a) mafuta mu mtundu wa madzi (ow)
(e) mkaka (W / O / W)
(b) Mafuta mu mtundu wa madzi (W / O)

(1) Mafuta / madzi (0 / w) emulsion, mafuta omwazika m'madzi. Mafuta ndi gawo lomwazika (gawo lamkati), ndipo madzi ndi gawo lopitilira (gawo lakunja) m'madzi mu madzi emulsion, omwe amatha kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi. Monga mkaka, soya, mkaka, etc.

(2) Madzi / mafuta (W / 0) emulsion, madzi omwazikidwa mu mafuta. Madzi ndi gawo lomwazidwa (gawo lamkati) ndi mafuta ndi gawo lopitilira (gawo lakunja) lamadzi mu emulsion. Mtundu wamtunduwu ukhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi mafuta. Monga batala wochita kupanga, mafuta opanda pake, ndi zina.

. Mafuta Oyera.

 

Njira yoyang'ana mtundu wa emulsion

(1) Njira ya Dirence

Kuchepetsa emulsion ndi madzi omwewo ngati gawo lopitilira. Madzi osungunuka amadzi ndi mtundu / madzi mtundu, ndipo mafuta osungunuka mafuta ndi mtundu wa madzi / mafuta.
Mwachitsanzo, mkaka umatha kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi, koma sichingakhale cholakwika ndi mafuta a masamba. Itha kuwoneka kuti mkaka ndi o / w emulsion.

(2) Njira

Njira ya madzi ndi mafuta imasiyana kwambiri, ndipo mawonekedwe a mafuta / madzi emulsion ali ndi nthawi zambiri kuposa madzi / mafuta. Chifukwa chake, ma electrode awiri amaikidwa mu emulsion ndipo neon amalumikizidwa pamindandanda, ndipo kuwala / kuwala kwa mafuta kuli.

(3) Njira yokhayokha

Onjezani madontho 2-3 a utoto wa mafuta kapena madzi mu chubu choyesa, ndikuweruza mtundu wa emulsion malinga ndi mtundu womwe utoto ungapangitse kuti gawo lipitirire.

(4) Fosengani njira yonyowa

Ponyani mafuta odzola papepala. Ngati madzi amatha kukulira mwachangu ndipo dontho laling'ono latsala pakati, mafuta ndi mafuta m'madzi; Ngati madontho odzola sakukulitsa, mafuta m'madzi.

(5) Njira Yotsimikizika Yotsimikizika

Mndandanda wokhazikika wa madzi ndi mafuta kuwunika amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira mtundu wa emulsion. Ngati emulsion ndi mafuta m'madzi, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timagwira ntchito yotumizira pang'ono, ndipo mawu akumanzere a tinthu tating'onoting'ono titha kuwoneka ndi maikulosikopu; Ngati emulsion ndi madzi mu mafuta, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timagwira ntchito ya Astigmatism yokha ya tinthu tambiri titha kuwoneka ndi maikulosikopu;

Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza mtundu wa emulsion

(1) Buku la gawo la gawo la gawo:

Chiphunzitso cha kuchuluka kwa gawoli chidafunsidwa ndi 0stwald kuchokera ku mawonekedwe a geometric. Lingaliro likuganiza kuti kungoganiza kuti madzi odzola amadzimadzi ndi ofanana ndipo gawo la kuchuluka kwa mikanda ya madzimadzi imangowerengera 74.02% ya voliyumu yonseyo akadzaza kwambiri. Ngati kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa magawo a mikanda yamadzimadzi ndi akulu kuposa 74.02%, odzola adzasiyidwa kapena kuwonongeka.

(a) yunifolomu yunifolomi yolemera mulu
(b) Kutalika kosagwirizana ndi emulsion
.

Tengani mtundu wa o / w emulsion ngati chitsanzo, ngati gawo logwirizana ndi mafuta ambiri kuposa 74.02%, pomwe gawo la O / IYID ali ndi 25.98% -74.02%.

 

Kapangidwe kake ndi katundu wa emulsifiers - chinsinsi

Chiphunzitso cha wegge chimachokera pa malo osungirako ma emulsifiers kuti adziwe mtundu wa emulsion. Chiphunzitso cha wedge chikuwonetsa kuti malo okhala ndi mtanda wa hydrophilic ndi ma hydrophobic magulu a Hylsifeers sakhala ofanana. Ma molekyulu a emulsifeers amawonedwa ngati ma wedges, omwe ali ndi malekezero amodzi ndipo enawo ang'ono. Mapeto a emulsifier atha kuyikidwa pamwamba pa dontho ngati mphero ndikukonzekera njira yoyendetsera mafuta. Polar ya hydrophorophilic imayamba kulowa m'gawo la mafuta, pomwe Lipophilic hydrocarbon unyolo umafikira mu gawo lamafuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchuluka kwazowonjezera.

 

Mphamvu ya emulsifier zinthu pa emulsion mtundu

Kuphatikiza pa kukopa kwa zinthu monga emulsion zojambula ndi emulsion zopanga, zochitika zakunja zimakhudzanso mtundu wa emulsion. Mwachitsanzo, ma hydrophilic ndi lipophfilic chilengedwe cha khoma la emulsion ndilosavuta kupanga pomwe ma hydrophilic chilengedwe cha khoma la emulsion chimakhala champhamvu. Cholinga chake ndikuti madzi amadzimadzi amafunikira kusamalira gawo lopitilira khomalo, kuti sizophweka kubalalitsidwa m'makamwa amadzimadzi akayambitsa madzi. Galasi ndi hydrophilic pomwe pulasitiki ndi Hydrophobic, kotero kale amakonda kuti apangire o / d emulsions pomwe omaliza apanga ma w / 0 emulsions.

 

Chiphunzitso cha kuphatikizika kwa magawo awiri

Chiphunzitso chothamanga cha Coalescence chimayamba kuwongolera kafukufuku wa mitundu iwiri ya madontho omwe amapanga madontho awiriwa zimatengera liwiro lamitundu iwiri pomwe emulsion, shaki, ndikupha pamodzi.

 

Kutentha

Kuchuluka kwa kutentha kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa hydrophilic kwa ma hydrophilic m'magulu a hydrophilic, potero kuchepetsa hydyulu ya mamolekyulu. Chifukwa chake, ma 0 / w emulsion opangidwa pamtenthedwe otsika amatha kusintha mu W / 0 emulsion pakuwongolera. Kutentha kumeneku ndi kutentha komwe hydrophilic ndi lipophilic katundu wa osungirako zinthu zoyenera, kumadziwika kuti ndi malo osinthira makonda.

Komabe, pamene kuchuluka kwa emlsifier ndi kokwanira kuti mugonjetse katundu wonyowa wa emulsifer kungotengera mtundu wa emulsion yokha ndikukhudzana ndi khoma la chotengera cha chotchinga.