1. Kupsyinjika pamwamba
Kuchulukira kwamphamvu pautali wa unit pamadzimadzi kumatchedwa kuthamanga kwapamwamba, kuyeza mu N • m-1.
2. Pamwamba ntchito ndi surfactant
Katundu yemwe amatha kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa zosungunulira kumatchedwa ntchito yapamtunda, ndipo zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi ntchito zapamtunda zimatchedwa zinthu zogwira ntchito pamwamba.
Surfactant imatanthawuza zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamtunda zomwe zimatha kupanga ma micelles ndi zophatikizika zina munjira zamadzimadzi, zimakhala ndi zochitika zapamwamba, komanso zimakhala zonyowetsa, zotsekemera, zotulutsa thovu, kutsuka, ndi ntchito zina.
3. Molecular structural makhalidwe a surfactant
Surfactant ndi organic mankhwala ndi nyumba yapadera ndi katundu kuti akhoza kwambiri kusintha interfacial kukangana pakati pa magawo awiri kapena pamwamba mavuto a zamadzimadzi (nthawi zambiri madzi), ndi katundu monga kunyowetsa, thovu, emulsification, ndi kuchapa.
Kunena mwamadongosolo, ma surfactants amagawana chikhalidwe chofanana chokhala ndi magulu awiri ogwira ntchito m'mamolekyu awo. Mapeto amodzi ndi gulu lalitali lopanda polar lomwe limasungunuka mumafuta koma osasungunuka m'madzi, omwe amadziwika kuti gulu la hydrophobic kapena gulu la hydrophobic. Magulu a hydrophobic awa nthawi zambiri amakhala ma hydrocarbon atali, nthawi zina komanso organic fluorine, organosilicon, organophosphorus, organotin unyolo, etc. Gulu la hydrophilic liyenera kukhala ndi hydrophilicity yokwanira kuonetsetsa kuti surfactant yonse imasungunuka m'madzi ndipo imakhala ndi kusungunuka koyenera. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa hydrophilic ndi hydrophobic magulu mu surfactants, akhoza kupasuka mu gawo limodzi la madzi gawo. The hydrophilic ndi oleophilic katundu wa surfactants amatchedwa amphiphilicity.
4. Mitundu ya surfactants
Ma Surfactants ndi ma amphiphilic molecule omwe ali ndi magulu a hydrophobic ndi hydrophilic. Magulu a hydrophobic a surfactants nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma hydrocarbon atalitali, monga unyolo wowongoka wa alkyl C8-C20, unyolo wanthambi alkyl C8-C20, alkylphenyl (wokhala ndi ma atomu a kaboni 8-16), ndi zina. mitundu yambiri yamagulu a hydrophilic. Choncho, katundu wa surfactants makamaka okhudzana ndi magulu a hydrophilic kuwonjezera pa kukula ndi mawonekedwe a magulu a hydrophobic. Kusintha kwapangidwe kwa magulu a hydrophilic ndiakulu kuposa magulu a hydrophobic, kotero kuti gulu la surfactants nthawi zambiri limachokera ku magulu a hydrophilic. Kugawika kumeneku kumachokera makamaka ngati magulu a hydrophilic ndi a ionic, kuwagawa kukhala anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic, ndi mitundu ina yapadera ya surfactants.
5. Makhalidwe a surfactant amadzimadzi njira
① Ma Adsorption of surfactants pamalo olumikizirana
Mamolekyu a surfactant ali ndi magulu a lipophilic ndi hydrophilic, kuwapanga kukhala ma amphiphilic molecule. Madzi ndi madzi otentha kwambiri. Pamene ma surfactants amasungunuka m'madzi, malinga ndi mfundo ya kufanana kwa polarity ndi polarity repulsion, magulu awo a hydrophilic amakopeka ndi gawo la madzi ndikusungunuka m'madzi, pamene magulu awo a lipophilic amathamangitsa madzi ndikusiya madzi. Zotsatira zake, mamolekyu a surfactant (kapena ayoni) amatsatsa pa mawonekedwe pakati pa magawo awiriwa, kuchepetsa kusagwirizana pakati pa magawo awiriwa. Mamolekyu ochulukirapo (kapena ayoni) amatsatiridwa pamawonekedwe, m'pamenenso kucheperachepera kwapakati kumachepa.
② Zinthu zina za adsorption membrane
Kuthamanga kwapamtunda kwa membrane wa adsorption: Ma surfactants adsorb pa mawonekedwe a gas-liquid kuti apange nembanemba ya adsorption. Ngati mbale yoyandama yosasunthika yayikidwa pamalopo ndipo mbale yoyandama ikankhira nembanemba ya adsorption m'mphepete mwa yankho, nembanembayo imagwira ntchito pa mbale yoyandamayo, yomwe imatchedwa kuthamanga kwa pamwamba.
Surface viscosity: Monga kuthamanga kwa pamwamba, kukhuthala kwapamwamba ndi chinthu chowonetsedwa ndi mafilimu osasungunuka. Imitsani mphete ya platinamu ndi waya wochepa thupi wachitsulo, pangani ndege yake kukhudzana ndi madzi pamwamba pa kuzama, tembenuzani mphete ya platinamu, mphete ya platinamu imalepheretsedwa ndi kukhuthala kwa madzi, ndipo matalikidwewo amachepa pang'onopang'ono, malinga ndi momwe kukhuthala kwamadzi kungayesedwe. Njira ndi: choyamba khalidwe zoyesera pa madzi koyera, kuyeza matalikidwe attenuation, ndiye kuyeza attenuation pambuyo mapangidwe pamwamba nkhope chigoba, ndi kuwerengera mamasukidwe akayendedwe a pamwamba nkhope chigoba kusiyana pakati pa awiri.
Kukhuthala kwapamwamba kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kulimba kwa chigoba cha nkhope. Popeza filimu ya adsorption ili ndi kuthamanga kwapamwamba ndi kukhuthala, iyenera kukhala yotanuka. Kukwera kwamphamvu kwapamtunda ndi kukhuthala kwa nembanemba ya adsorption, ndikokulirapo kwake modulus yotanuka. The elastic modulus of surface adsorption film ndiyofunika kwambiri pakukhazikika kwa thovu.
③ Kupanga ma micelles
The dilute solution of surfactants amatsatira malamulo a mayankho abwino. Kuchuluka kwa ma surfactants pamwamba pa yankho kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa yankho. Pamene ndende ifika kapena kupitirira mtengo wina, kuchuluka kwa adsorption sikuwonjezeka. Mamolekyu ochulukirachulukirawa omwe ali mu yankho amasokonekera kapena amakhalapo pafupipafupi. Zonse mchitidwe ndi chiphunzitso zasonyeza kuti amapanga aggregates mu yankho, amene amatchedwa micelles.
Critical micelle concentration: Kuchuluka komwe ma surfactants amapanga micelles mu yankho kumatchedwa critical micelle concentration.
④ Mtengo wa CMC wa wogwiritsa ntchito wamba.
6. Hydrophilic ndi oleophilic equilibrium value
HLB imayimira hydrophilic lipophilic balance, yomwe imayimira hydrophilic ndi lipophilic equilibrium values of hydrophilic ndi lipophilic magulu a surfactant, mwachitsanzo mtengo wa HLB wa wowonjezera. Mtengo wapamwamba wa HLB umasonyeza hydrophilicity yamphamvu ndi lipophilicity yofooka ya molekyulu; M'malo mwake, ali ndi lipophilicity amphamvu ndi ofooka hydrophilicity.
① Malamulo pa Mtengo wa HLB
Mtengo wa HLB ndi wamtengo wapatali, kotero popanga mtengo wa HLB, monga muyezo, mtengo wa HLB wa parafini wopanda katundu wa hydrophilic umayikidwa ku 0, pamene mtengo wa HLB wa sodium dodecyl sulfate wokhala ndi kusungunuka kwamadzi amphamvu umayikidwa ku 40. Choncho, mtengo wa HLB wa surfactants nthawi zambiri umakhala mkati mwa 1-40. Nthawi zambiri, ma emulsifiers okhala ndi HLB values zosakwana 10 ndi lipophilic, pomwe emulsifiers okhala ndi HLB values kuposa 10 ndi hydrophilic. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kuchokera ku lipophilicity kupita ku hydrophilicity pafupifupi 10.
7. Emulsification ndi solubilization zotsatira
Zamadzimadzi ziwiri zosasinthika, chimodzi chopangidwa ndi kubalalika particles (madontho kapena makhiristo amadzimadzi) mumzake, amatchedwa emulsions. Pamene kupanga emulsion, interfacial m'dera pakati pa zakumwa ziwiri ukuwonjezeka, kupanga dongosolo thermodynamically wosakhazikika. Kuti akhazikitse emulsion, gawo lachitatu - emulsifier - liyenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti lichepetse mphamvu yapakati pa dongosolo. Ma emulsifiers ndi a surfactants, ndipo ntchito yawo yayikulu ndikuchita ngati emulsifiers. Gawo limene madontho alipo mu emulsion amatchedwa omwazika gawo (kapena mkati gawo, discontinuous gawo), ndi gawo lina kugwirizana pamodzi amatchedwa omwazika sing'anga (kapena kunja gawo, mosalekeza gawo).
① Ma emulsifiers ndi ma emulsion
Ma emulsions wamba amakhala ndi gawo limodzi lamadzi kapena njira yamadzimadzi, ndipo gawo lina lazinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimasakanikirana ndi madzi, monga mafuta, sera, etc. The emulsion yopangidwa ndi madzi ndi mafuta imatha kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri kutengera kubalalitsidwa kwawo: mafuta omwazika m'madzi amapanga madzi mu emulsion yamafuta, oimiridwa ndi O / W (mafuta / W) madzi omwazika mu mafuta amapanga madzi mu emulsion yamafuta, yoimiridwa ndi W / O (madzi / mafuta). Kuonjezera apo, madzi ovuta mu mafuta m'madzi W / O / W ndi mafuta m'madzi mu mafuta O / W / O emulsions akhoza kupanga.
The emulsifier stabilizes emulsion pochepetsa kusagwirizana pakati pa nkhope ndi kupanga monolayer nkhope chigoba.
Zofunikira za emulsifiers mu emulsification: a: emulsifiers ayenera kukhala adsorb kapena kulemeretsa pa mawonekedwe pakati pa magawo awiriwa, kuchepetsa kusagwirizana kwapakati; b: Emulsifiers ayenera kupereka particles mphamvu yamagetsi, kuchititsa electrostatic repulsion pakati particles kapena kupanga khola, kwambiri viscous zoteteza filimu kuzungulira particles. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati emulsifiers ziyenera kukhala ndi magulu a amphiphilic kuti zikhale ndi zotsatira zolimbitsa thupi, ndipo ma surfactants amatha kukwaniritsa izi.
② Kukonzekera njira za emulsion ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kukhazikika kwa emulsion
Pali njira ziwiri zopangira emulsions: imodzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakina kuti mumwaze madziwo mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono mumadzi ena, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani pokonzekera emulsions; Njira ina ndiyo kusungunula madzi mumtundu wina wamadzimadzi ndikuwalola kuti agwirizane bwino kuti apange emulsion.
Kukhazikika kwa emulsions kumatanthauza kuthekera kwawo kukana kuphatikizika kwa tinthu ndikupangitsa kupatukana kwa gawo. Emulsions ndi machitidwe osakhazikika a thermodynamically okhala ndi mphamvu zaulere. Choncho, kukhazikika kwa emulsion kumatanthawuza nthawi yofunikira kuti dongosolo lifike pamtunda, ndiye kuti, nthawi yofunikira kuti madzi mu dongosolo alekanitse.
Pakakhala ma molekyulu a polar organic monga mowa wamafuta, mafuta acid ndi mafuta amine mu chigoba cha nkhope, mphamvu ya nembanemba imakula kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa choti mamolekyu a emulsifier mu mawonekedwe adsorption wosanjikiza amalumikizana ndi mamolekyu a polar monga mowa, asidi ndi amine kuti apange "zovuta", zomwe zimawonjezera mphamvu ya mawonekedwe a nkhope.
Ma emulsifiers opangidwa ndi ma surfactants awiri kapena kupitilira apo amatchedwa emulsifiers osakanikirana. Ma emulsifiers osakanikirana amadsorb pa mawonekedwe amadzi / mafuta, ndipo kuyanjana kwa ma intermolecular kumatha kupanga zovuta. Chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwamphamvu kwa ma intermolecular, kupsinjika kwapakati kumachepetsedwa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa emulsifier komwe kumatsatiridwa pamawonekedwe kumachulukira kwambiri, ndipo kachulukidwe ndi mphamvu ya chigoba cha nkhope yamkati chimawonjezeka.
Mlandu wa m'malovu umakhudza kwambiri kukhazikika kwa emulsions. Ma emulsion okhazikika amakhala ndi madontho okhala ndi zida zamagetsi. Pamene ntchito ionic emulsifiers, ndi emulsifier ayoni adsorbed pa mawonekedwe amaika magulu awo lipophilic mu gawo mafuta, pamene magulu hydrophilic ali mu gawo madzi, motero kupanga m'malovu mlandu. Chifukwa chakuti madontho a emulsion amanyamula chiwongoladzanja chomwecho, amathamangitsidwa wina ndi mzake ndipo sakhala osakanikirana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azikhala okhazikika. Zitha kuwoneka kuti ma ion a emulsifier adsorbed pamadonthowo, amawonjezera kuchuluka kwawo, komanso kuthekera kwawo koletsa kuphatikizika kwamadontho, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dongosolo la emulsion likhale lokhazikika.
The mamasukidwe akayendedwe a emulsion kupezeka sing'anga ali ndi zotsatira pa bata la emulsion. Nthawi zambiri, kukhathamira kwamphamvu kwa sing'anga yobalalitsa kumapangitsa kukhazikika kwa emulsion. Izi ndichifukwa choti kukhuthala kwa sing'anga yobalalitsa kumakhala kwakukulu, komwe kumalepheretsa kwambiri kusuntha kwa madontho amadzimadzi a Brownian, kumachepetsa kugundana pakati pa madontho, ndikupangitsa dongosolo kukhala lokhazikika. Polima zinthu zambiri sungunuka mu emulsion akhoza kuonjezera mamasukidwe akayendedwe a dongosolo ndi kumapangitsanso bata la emulsion. Komanso, polima akhoza kupanga olimba mawonekedwe nkhope chigoba, kupanga emulsion dongosolo khola.
Nthawi zina, kuwonjezera ufa wolimba kungathenso kukhazikika emulsion. Ufa wolimba suli m'madzi, mafuta kapena mawonekedwe, malingana ndi kunyowa kwa mafuta ndi madzi pa ufa wolimba. Ngati ufa wolimba sunanyowetsidwe kwathunthu ndi madzi ndipo ukhoza kunyowetsedwa ndi mafuta, udzakhalabe pa mawonekedwe a mafuta amadzi.
Chifukwa chomwe ufa wolimba sukhazikitsa emulsion ndikuti ufa womwe umasonkhanitsidwa pamawonekedwe sulimbitsa mawonekedwe a nkhope, omwe ali ofanana ndi mawonekedwe adsorption emulsifier molecules. Choncho, pafupi kwambiri ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta ufa timakonzedwa pa mawonekedwe, emulsion imakhala yolimba kwambiri.
Ma Surfactants amatha kuonjezera kwambiri kusungunuka kwa zinthu zakuthupi zomwe sizisungunuka kapena kusungunuka pang'ono m'madzi pambuyo popanga micelles mu njira yamadzimadzi, ndipo yankho likuwonekera panthawiyi. Zotsatira za micelles zimatchedwa solubilization. Ma surfactants omwe amatha kupanga solubilizing amatchedwa solubilizers, ndipo ma organic compounds omwe amasungunuka amatchedwa solubilized compounds.
8. Chithovu
Chithovu chimagwira ntchito yofunikira pakutsuka. Foam imatanthawuza njira yobalalika yomwe mpweya umamwazidwira mumadzimadzi kapena olimba. Gasi ndiye gawo lobalalitsa, ndipo madzi kapena olimba ndi njira yobalalitsira. Yoyamba imatchedwa thovu lamadzimadzi, pomwe chomalizacho chimatchedwa thovu lolimba, monga pulasitiki ya thovu, galasi la thovu, simenti ya thovu, etc.
(1) Kupanga thovu
The thovu pano akutanthauza aggregation wa thovu olekanitsidwa ndi madzi filimu. Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu mu kachulukidwe pakati omwazika gawo (gasi) ndi omwazika sing'anga (zamadzimadzi), ndi otsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe amadzimadzi, thovu nthawi zonse nyamuka kwa madzi mlingo mwamsanga.
Njira yopanga chithovu ndikubweretsa mpweya wambiri mumadzimadzi, ndipo thovu zomwe zili mumadzimadzi zimabwereranso kumadzimadzi mwachangu, ndikupanga gulu lalikulu lolekanitsidwa ndi madzi pang'ono ndi mpweya.
Chithovu ali awiri chidwi makhalidwe akapangidwe kazachilengedwe: mmodzi ndi kuti thovu monga omwazika gawo nthawi zambiri polyhedral, chifukwa pa mphambano ya thovu, pali chizolowezi madzi filimu kukhala woonda, kupanga thovu polyhedral. Pamene filimu yamadzimadzi imakhala yochepetsetsa kumlingo wakutiwakuti, thovu lidzasweka; Chachiwiri, madzi oyerawo sangathe kupanga thovu lokhazikika, koma madzi omwe amatha kupanga thovu amakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri kapena kuposerapo. Njira yamadzimadzi ya surfactant ndi njira yosavuta yopangira thovu, ndipo kuthekera kwake kopanga thovu kumakhudzananso ndi zinthu zina.
Ma surfactants omwe ali ndi luso lotulutsa thovu amatchedwa "foaming agents". Ngakhale kuti wotulutsa thovu ali ndi mphamvu yabwino ya thovu, chithovu chopangidwacho sichingathe kukhalabe kwa nthawi yayitali, ndiko kuti, kukhazikika kwake sikungakhale kwabwino. Pofuna kuti chithovu chisasunthike, chinthu chomwe chingapangitse chithovu kukhala chokhazikika nthawi zambiri chimawonjezeredwa ku chinthu chotulutsa thovu, chomwe chimatchedwa foam stabilizer. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi foam stabilizers ndi lauroyl diethanolamine ndi dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide.
(2) Kukhazikika kwa thovu
Foam ndi dongosolo losakhazikika la thermodynamically, ndipo chomaliza ndi chakuti malo onse amadzimadzi m'dongosolo amachepa ndipo mphamvu yaulere imachepa pambuyo posweka kuwira. The defoaming ndondomeko ndi njira imene filimu yamadzimadzi yolekanitsa mpweya imasintha makulidwe mpaka itaphulika. Choncho, bata la thovu makamaka anatsimikiza ndi liwiro la madzi kumaliseche ndi mphamvu ya madzi filimu. Palinso zifukwa zina zingapo zomwe zimakhudza.
① Kupsinjika kwapamtunda
Kuchokera pamalingaliro amphamvu, kutsika kwapansi kumakhala kothandiza kupanga chithovu, koma sikungatsimikizire kukhazikika kwa thovu. Kutsika kwapamtunda, kutsika kwapakati, kuthamanga kwamadzi pang'onopang'ono, komanso kuwonda kwapang'onopang'ono kwamadzimadzi kumathandizira kuti chithovu chikhale chokhazikika.
② Kukhuthala kwapamwamba
Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimatsimikizira kukhazikika kwa chithovu ndi mphamvu ya filimu yamadzimadzi, yomwe imatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi kulimba kwa filimu yowonetsera pamwamba, yoyesedwa ndi kukhuthala kwapamwamba. Mayesero amasonyeza kuti chithovu chopangidwa ndi yankho lokhala ndi kukhuthala kwapamwamba pamwamba chimakhala ndi moyo wautali. Izi ndichifukwa choti kuyanjana pakati pa mamolekyu adsorbed pamtunda kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya nembanemba, motero kumapangitsa moyo wa thovu.
③ Kukhuthala kwa njira
Pamene mamasukidwe akayendedwe amadzimadzi wokha ukuwonjezeka, madzi mu filimu yamadzimadzi sikophweka kutulutsidwa, ndi liwiro la madzi filimu makulidwe kupatulira ndi wosakwiya, amene kuchedwa nthawi ya madzi filimu anaphulika ndi kumawonjezera bata la thovu.
④ The 'kukonza' zotsatira za kupsyinjika pamwamba
Ma surfactants adsorbed pamwamba pa filimu yamadzimadzi amatha kukana kukulitsa kapena kutsika kwa filimu yamadzimadzi, yomwe timatchula ngati kukonza. Ichi ndi chifukwa pali madzi filimu ya surfactants adsorbed padziko, ndi kukulitsa malo ake kuchepetsa ndende ya padziko adsorbed mamolekyulu ndi kuonjezera padziko mavuto. Kuonjezeranso kukulitsa pamwamba kudzafuna khama lalikulu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kutsika kwapamtunda kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa mamolekyu adsorbed pamtunda, kuchepetsa kugwedezeka kwa pamwamba ndikulepheretsa kutsika kwina.
⑤ Kufalikira kwa gasi kudzera mufilimu yamadzimadzi
Chifukwa cha kupanikizika kwa capillary, kupanikizika kwa thovu laling'ono mu chithovu kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa kuphulika kwakukulu, zomwe zidzachititsa kuti mpweya mumatope ang'onoang'ono ulowe mumatope otsika kwambiri kudzera mufilimu yamadzimadzi, zomwe zimachititsa kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tizikhala tating'ono, thovu lalikulu limakhala lalikulu, ndipo pamapeto pake chithovu chimasweka. Ngati surfactant iwonjezeredwa, chithovucho chidzakhala chofanana ndi chowundana pamene chimatulutsa thovu, ndipo sikophweka kupukuta. Popeza kuti surfactant imakonzedwa bwino pafilimu yamadzimadzi, zimakhala zovuta kutulutsa mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa chithovu kukhala chokhazikika.
⑥ Mphamvu ya pamwamba
Ngati filimu yamadzimadzi ya chithovu imayimbidwa ndi chizindikiro chomwecho, zigawo ziwiri za filimu yamadzimadzi zidzathamangitsidwa, kulepheretsa filimu yamadzimadzi kuti isachepetse kapena kuwononga. Ma Ionic surfactants atha kupereka izi zokhazikika.
Pomaliza, mphamvu ya filimu yamadzimadzi ndiye chinthu chofunikira kudziwa kukhazikika kwa thovu. Monga surfactant kwa zinthu thovu ndi zolimbitsa thovu, zothina ndi kulimba kwa pamwamba adsorbed mamolekyu ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Pamene kugwirizana pakati pa mamolekyu adsorbed padziko ndi amphamvu, ndi mamolekyu adsorbed ali kwambiri anakonza, zomwe sizimangopangitsa pamwamba nkhope chigoba palokha kukhala ndi mphamvu mkulu, komanso kumapangitsa yankho moyandikana ndi pamwamba chigoba nkhope zovuta kuyenda chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwapamwamba pamwamba, kotero zimakhala zovuta kuti filimu yamadzimadzi ikhetse, ndipo makulidwe a filimu yamadzimadzi amakhala ovuta. Kuphatikiza apo, mamolekyu olinganizidwa bwino kwambiri amathanso kuchepetsa kutsekemera kwa mamolekyu a gasi motero kumapangitsa kuti thovu likhale lokhazikika.
(3) Kuwonongeka kwa thovu
Mfundo yaikulu ya kuwononga thovu ndi kusintha zinthu kupanga thovu kapena kuthetsa bata zinthu thovu, kotero pali njira ziwiri defoaming, thupi ndi mankhwala.
Thupi defoaming ndi kusintha mikhalidwe imene thovu kwaiye pamene kusunga mankhwala zikuchokera chithovu yankho osasintha. Mwachitsanzo, kunja mphamvu chisokonezo, kutentha kapena kuthamanga kusintha ndi akupanga mankhwala onse ogwira thupi njira kuthetsa thovu.
Njira yochotsera thovu ndi kuwonjezera zinthu zina kuti zigwirizane ndi wotulutsa thovu, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya filimu yamadzimadzi mu thovu, ndiyeno kuchepetsa kukhazikika kwa thovu kuti akwaniritse cholinga chochotsa thovu. Zinthu zoterezi zimatchedwa defoamers. Ma defoam ambiri ndi ma surfactants. Chifukwa chake, molingana ndi momwe amapangira defoaming, ma defoamers ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zochepetsera kugwedezeka kwapamtunda, kutengeka mosavuta pamtunda, komanso kukhala ndi kulumikizana kofooka pakati pa mamolekyu owoneka bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mamolekyu a adsorbed azikhala otayirira.
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma defoamers, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala osagwiritsa ntchito ionic. Non ionic surfactants ali ndi anti thovu pafupi kapena pamwamba pa mtambo wawo ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma defoam. Mowa, makamaka omwe ali ndi nthambi za nthambi, mafuta acids ndi esters, polyamides, phosphates, mafuta a silicone, ndi zina zotero, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zowonongeka kwambiri.
(4) Kuchita thovu ndi kuchapa
Palibe mgwirizano wachindunji pakati pa thovu ndi zotsatira zotsuka, ndipo kuchuluka kwa thovu sikukutanthauza kuti kutsukako ndikwabwino kapena koyipa. Mwachitsanzo, kutulutsa thovu kwa omwe si a ionic surfactants ndi otsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi sopo, koma mphamvu yawo yoyeretsa ndiyabwinoko kuposa sopo.
Nthawi zina, thovu limathandiza kuchotsa dothi. Mwachitsanzo, potsuka ma tableware kunyumba, thovu la detergent limatha kuchotsa madontho amafuta otsuka; Pokolopa kapeti, thovu limathandiza kuchotsa dothi lolimba monga fumbi ndi ufa. Kuphatikiza apo, chithovu nthawi zina chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chizindikiro chotsimikizira ngati chotsukiracho ndi chothandiza, chifukwa madontho amafuta amafuta amatha kuletsa chithovu cha detergent. Pakakhala madontho amafuta ochulukirapo komanso chotsukira chocheperako, sipadzakhala chithovu kapena chithovu choyambirira chimatha. Nthawi zina, thovu litha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chizindikiritso ngati kutsukako kuli koyera. Chifukwa kuchuluka kwa thovu muzitsulo zotsukira kumacheperachepera ndi kuchepa kwa zotsukira, kuchuluka kwa kutsuka kumatha kuyesedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa thovu.
9. Njira yotsuka
M’lingaliro lalikulu, kutsuka ndi njira yochotsera zinthu zosafunikira pa chinthu chimene chikutsukidwa ndi kukwaniritsa cholinga chinachake. Kusamba m'lingaliro lodziwika bwino kumatanthauza njira yochotsera dothi pamwamba pa chonyamulira. Pakutsuka, kuyanjana pakati pa dothi ndi chonyamulira kumafowoka kapena kuthetsedwa chifukwa cha zochita za mankhwala ena (monga zotsukira), kusandutsa kuphatikiza kwa dothi ndi chonyamulira kuphatikiza dothi ndi detergent, potsirizira pake kumapangitsa kuti dothi ndi chonyamuliracho chichoke. Monga zinthu zomwe ziyenera kutsukidwa ndi dothi kuti zichotsedwe ndizosiyana, kutsuka ndi njira yovuta kwambiri, ndipo njira yoyamba yotsuka ikhoza kuyimiridwa ndi chiyanjano chosavuta chotsatira.
Chonyamulira • Dothi+Chitsulo=Chonyamulira+Dothi • Chotsukira
Njira yotsuka imatha kugawidwa m'magawo awiri: imodzi ndiyo kulekanitsa dothi ndi chonyamulira chake pansi pa ntchito ya detergent; Chachiwiri ndi chakuti dothi lotsekedwa limamwazikana ndikuimitsidwa pakati. Kuchapirako ndi njira yosinthika, ndipo litsiro lomwe lamwazikana kapena kuyimitsidwa pakatikati limathanso kutsika kuchokera pakatikati kupita kumalo ochapira. Choncho, chotsukira chabwino kwambiri sichiyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yochotsa litsiro kuchokera kwa chonyamuliracho, komanso kukhala ndi luso labwino lobalalitsa ndikuyimitsa dothi, ndikuletsa litsiro kuti lisasungidwenso.
(1) Mitundu yautsi
Ngakhale chinthu chomwecho, mtundu, kapangidwe, ndi kuchuluka kwa dothi zimasiyana malinga ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito. Dothi la thupi la mafuta makamaka limaphatikizapo mafuta a nyama ndi masamba, komanso mafuta amchere (monga mafuta opangira mafuta, mafuta opangira mafuta, phula lamalasha, etc.), pamene dothi lolimba limaphatikizapo utsi, fumbi, dzimbiri, mpweya wakuda, ndi zina zotero. Dothi lazakudya, monga madontho a zipatso, madontho amafuta odyedwa, madontho a zokometsera, wowuma, ndi zina zambiri; Dothi lobwera ndi zodzoladzola, monga zopaka mmilomo ndi zopaka msomali; Dothi lochokera mumlengalenga, monga utsi, fumbi, nthaka, ndi zina zotero; Zida zina monga inki, tiyi, utoto, etc. Tinganene kuti pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso yosiyana.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya litsiro nthawi zambiri imatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: dothi lolimba, dothi lamadzimadzi, ndi dothi lapadera.
① Dothi lolimba wamba limaphatikizapo tinthu ting'onoting'ono monga phulusa, matope, dothi, dzimbiri, ndi mpweya wakuda. Zambiri mwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono timeneti timakhala ndi chiwongolero chapamwamba, makamaka choyipa, ndipo chimakopeka mosavuta pa zinthu za ulusi. Nthawi zambiri, dothi lolimba ndilovuta kusungunuka m'madzi, koma limatha kumwazikana ndikuyimitsidwa ndi zotsukira. Dothi lolimba ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndizovuta kuchotsa.
② Dothi lamadzimadzi nthawi zambiri limasungunuka mafuta, kuphatikiza mafuta anyama ndi masamba, mafuta acids, mowa wamafuta, mafuta amchere, ndi ma oxides awo. Pakati pawo, nyama ndi masamba mafuta ndi mafuta zidulo akhoza kukumana saponification ndi alkali, pamene mafuta mowa ndi mchere mafuta saponified ndi alkali, koma akhoza kupasuka mu alcohols, ethers, ndi hydrocarbon organic solvents, ndi emulsified ndi omwazikana ndi detergent amadzimadzi njira. Dothi lamadzi losungunuka lamafuta nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi mphamvu yolumikizirana ndi zinthu zokhala ndi ulusi komanso zomangira mwamphamvu pa ulusi.
③ Dothi lapadera limaphatikizapo mapuloteni, wowuma, magazi, zobisika za anthu monga thukuta, sebum, mkodzo, komanso madzi a zipatso, madzi a tiyi, ndi zina zotero. Zambiri mwazonyansazi zimatha kukopa kwambiri zinthu za fibrous pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Choncho, kuchapa kumakhala kovuta.
Zinyalala zamitundumitundu sizipezeka paokha, nthawi zambiri zimasakanizidwa ndikumangiriridwa pamodzi pa zinthu. Dothi nthawi zina limatha kutulutsa okosijeni, kuwola, kapena kuwola chifukwa cha zinthu zakunja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dothi lipangidwe.
(2) Kumamatira kwa dothi
Chifukwa chomwe zovala, manja, ndi zina zotero zimatha kukhala zodetsedwa ndi chifukwa chakuti pali mtundu wina wa mgwirizano pakati pa zinthu ndi dothi. Pali zotsatira zosiyanasiyana zomata za dothi pa zinthu, koma makamaka zimamatira pathupi komanso kumamatira kwamankhwala.
① Kumamatira kwa phulusa la ndudu, fumbi, matope, mpweya wakuda, ndi zinthu zina pazovala. Nthawi zambiri, kugwirizana pakati pa dothi lotsatiridwa ndi chinthu choipitsidwa ndi chofooka, ndipo kuchotsa litsiro ndikosavuta. Malinga ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, kumatira kwadothi kumatha kugawidwa kukhala makina omatira ndi ma electrostatic adhesion.
A: Kumamatira kumakina makamaka kumatanthawuza kumamatira kwa dothi lolimba monga fumbi ndi matope. Kumata kwamakina ndi njira yofooka yolumikizira dothi, yomwe imatha pafupifupi kuchotsedwa ndi njira zosavuta zamakina. Komabe, kukula kwa tinthu ting'onoting'ono kwa dothi kukakhala kochepa (<0.1um), kumakhala kovuta kuchotsa.
B: Kumamatira kwa electrostatic kumawonetsedwa makamaka ndi zomwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi zinthu zotsutsana. Zinthu zambiri zokhala ndi ulusi zimakhala ndi vuto loyipa m'madzi ndipo zimatsatiridwa mosavuta ndi dothi lokhala ndi mpweya wabwino monga laimu. Dothi lina, ngakhale loyipitsidwa molakwika, monga tinthu tating'ono ta kaboni m'madzi amadzimadzi, amatha kumamatira ulusi kudzera m'milatho ya ion yomwe imapangidwa ndi ma ion abwino (monga Ca2 +, Mg2 +, ndi zina) m'madzi (ma ions amachita pamodzi pakati pa milandu yambiri yotsutsana, kuchita ngati milatho).
Magetsi osasunthika ndi amphamvu kuposa mawotchi osavuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuchotsa dothi.
③ Kuchotsa dothi lapadera
Mapuloteni, wowuma, zotsekemera za anthu, madzi a zipatso, madzi a tiyi ndi mitundu ina ya dothi ndizovuta kuchotsa ndi ma surfactants wamba ndipo zimafunikira njira zapadera zochizira.
Madontho a mapuloteni monga zonona, mazira, magazi, mkaka, ndi chimbudzi chapakhungu amatha kupindika komanso kutsika kwa ulusi, ndipo amamatira mwamphamvu. Pochotsa mapuloteni, protease angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchotsa. Protease imatha kuphwanya mapuloteni mu dothi kukhala ma amino acid osungunuka m'madzi kapena oligopeptides.
Wowuma Madontho makamaka amachokera ku chakudya, pamene ena monga nyama timadziti, phala, etc. Wowuma michere ndi chothandizira kwambiri pa hydrolysis wa wowuma madontho, kuswa wowuma mu shuga.
Lipase imatha kuyambitsa kuwonongeka kwa ma triglycerides ena omwe ndi ovuta kuchotsa ndi njira zodziwika bwino, monga sebum yotulutsidwa ndi thupi la munthu, mafuta odyeka, ndi zina zambiri, kuti aphwanyire ma triglycerides kukhala sungunuka wa glycerol ndi mafuta acid.
Madontho ena achikuda a madzi a zipatso, madzi a tiyi, inki, milomo, ndi zina zotero nthawi zambiri amakhala ovuta kuyeretsa ngakhale mutatsuka mobwerezabwereza. Mtundu woterewu ukhoza kuchotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma oxidation-oxidation-reduction reactions pogwiritsa ntchito okosijeni kapena zochepetsera monga bleach, zomwe zimaphwanya kapangidwe ka magulu a chromophore kapena chromophore ndikuzichepetsa kukhala zigawo zing'onozing'ono zosungunuka m'madzi.
Kuchokera pakuwona kuyeretsa kowuma, pali pafupifupi mitundu itatu yadothi.
① Dothi losungunuka lamafuta limaphatikizapo mafuta ndi mafuta osiyanasiyana, omwe ndi amadzimadzi kapena amafuta komanso osungunuka muzosungunulira zowuma.
② Dothi losungunuka m'madzi limasungunuka munjira yamadzimadzi, koma osasungunuka muzoyeretsa zowuma. Imakondera pazovala ngati njira yamadzimadzi, ndipo madzi akasungunuka, zolimba za granular monga mchere wachilengedwe, wowuma, mapuloteni, ndi zina zambiri zimayamba.
③ Dothi losasungunuka lamadzi lamafuta silisungunuka m'madzi ndi zosungunulira zouma, monga mpweya wakuda, ma silicates osiyanasiyana achitsulo, ndi ma oxides.
Chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dothi, pali njira zosiyanasiyana zochotsera dothi panthawi yoyeretsa youma. Dothi losungunuka mafuta, monga mafuta a nyama ndi masamba, mafuta amchere, ndi mafuta, amasungunuka mosavuta mu zosungunulira za organic ndipo amatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta pakuyeretsa kowuma. Kusungunuka kwabwino kwa zosungunulira zowuma zamafuta ndi girisi zimachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu za van der Waals pakati pa mamolekyu.
Pofuna kuchotsa dothi losungunuka m'madzi monga mchere wachilengedwe, shuga, mapuloteni, thukuta, ndi zina zotero, m'pofunikanso kuwonjezera madzi okwanira kuti ayeretsedwe, mwinamwake dothi losungunuka m'madzi ndilovuta kuchotsa zovala. Koma madzi ndi ovuta kusungunuka muzitsulo zouma zowuma, kotero kuti muwonjezere kuchuluka kwa madzi, ma surfactants ayenera kuwonjezeredwa. Madzi omwe amapezeka muzitsulo zowuma amatha kuthira dothi ndi pamwamba pa zovala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuyanjana ndi magulu a polar a surfactants, zomwe zimakhala zopindulitsa kudsorption ya surfactants pamwamba. Kuonjezera apo, pamene ma surfactants apanga micelles, dothi losungunuka m'madzi ndi madzi zimatha kusungunuka mu micelles. Ma Surfactants samangowonjezera kuchuluka kwa madzi mu zosungunulira zouma zowuma, komanso amalepheretsa kuyikikanso kwa dothi kuti apititse patsogolo kuyeretsa.
Kukhalapo kwa madzi ochepa ndikofunikira pochotsa dothi losungunuka m'madzi, koma madzi ochulukirapo amatha kupangitsa kuti zovala zina zisinthe, makwinya, ndi zina zambiri, kotero kuti madzi omwe ali mu chotsukira chowuma ayenera kukhala ochepa.
Tinthu tolimba monga phulusa, matope, dothi, ndi wakuda wa carbon, zomwe sizisungunuka m'madzi kapena kusungunuka mafuta, nthawi zambiri zimamatira zovala pogwiritsa ntchito electrostatic adsorption kapena kuphatikiza ndi madontho amafuta. Mu kuyeretsa youma, kutuluka ndi mphamvu ya zosungunulira zingachititse dothi adsorbed ndi mphamvu electrostatic kugwa, pamene youma zotsukira akhoza kusungunula madontho mafuta, kuchititsa tinthu olimba kuti kuphatikiza ndi madontho mafuta ndi kumamatira ku zovala kugwa pa youma woyeretsa wothandizila. Madzi ang'onoang'ono ndi ma surfactants omwe ali mu chowuma chowuma amatha kuyimitsa mokhazikika ndikumwaza tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timagwa, kuwalepheretsa kuyikanso zovalazo.
(5) Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kuchapa
Kuwongolera kolowera kwa ma surfactants pamawonekedwe ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa kugwedezeka kwapamtunda (interfacial) ndizinthu zazikulu zomwe zimachotsa zonyansa zamadzimadzi kapena zolimba. Koma kuchapa kumakhala kovuta, ndipo ngakhale kutsuka kwa mtundu womwewo wa detergent kumakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zina zambiri. Zinthu izi zimaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa zotsukira, kutentha, chilengedwe cha dothi, mtundu wa ulusi, ndi kapangidwe ka nsalu.
① Kukhazikika kwa ma surfactants
Ma micelles a surfactants mu yankho amatenga gawo lofunikira pakutsuka. Pamene ndende ifika pa ndende yovuta ya micelle (cmc), kuchapa kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Choncho, kuchuluka kwa zotsukira mu zosungunulira ziyenera kukhala zapamwamba kuposa mtengo wa CMC kuti tikwaniritse bwino kutsuka. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa ma surfactants kupitilira mtengo wa CMC, kuchulukirako kutsuka kumakhala kocheperako, ndipo kuwonjezereka kwambiri kwa surfactant sikofunikira.
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito solubilization kuchotsa madontho amafuta, ngakhale ndendeyo ili pamwamba pa mtengo wa CMC, mphamvu ya solubilization imachulukirabe ndikuwonjezeka kwa ndende ya surfactant. Panthawiyi, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zotsukira kwanuko, monga pa ma cuffs ndi makola a zovala komwe kuli dothi lambiri. Mukatsuka, thira lamadzimadzi lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kaye kuti liwongolere mphamvu ya ma surfactants pamadontho amafuta.
② Kutentha kumakhudza kwambiri kuyeretsa. Ponseponse, kuwonjezera kutentha kumakhala kopindulitsa pochotsa dothi, koma nthawi zina kutentha kwambiri kungayambitsenso zovuta.
Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kumakhala kopindulitsa pakufalikira kwa dothi. Madontho olimba amafuta amapangidwa mosavuta ngati kutentha kuli pamwamba pa malo osungunuka, ndipo ulusi umawonjezeranso kuchuluka kwawo chifukwa cha kutentha kwa kutentha. Zinthu zonsezi ndizopindulitsa pakuchotsa litsiro. Komabe, kwa nsalu zolimba, mipata yaying'ono pakati pa ulusi imachepetsedwa pambuyo pakukula kwa fiber, zomwe sizingathandize kuchotsa dothi.
Kusintha kwa kutentha kumakhudzanso kusungunuka, mtengo wa CMC, ndi kukula kwa micelle ya ma surfactants, potero kumakhudza kuchapa. Ma surfactants aatali a carbon chain amakhala ndi kusungunuka kochepa pa kutentha kochepa, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale kusungunuka kochepa kuposa mtengo wa CMC. Pamenepa, kutentha kochapira kuyenera kuwonjezeka moyenera. Zotsatira za kutentha pamtengo wa CMC ndi kukula kwa micelle ndizosiyana ndi ma surfactants a ionic ndi omwe si a ionic. Kwa ma ionic surfactants, kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo wa CMC ndi kuchepa kwa kukula kwa micelle. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndende ya surfactants ayenera ziwonjezeke mu njira kutsuka. Kwa omwe si a ionic surfactants, kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa mtengo wa CMC ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kukula kwa micelle. Zitha kuwoneka kuti kutentha koyenera kungathandize omwe si a ionic surfactants kuchita ntchito zawo zapamtunda. Koma kutentha sikuyenera kupitirira mtambo wake.
Mwachidule, kutentha koyenera kwambiri kutsuka kumagwirizana ndi ndondomeko ya detergent ndi chinthu chomwe chikutsukidwa. Zotsukira zina zimakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino zoyeretsera kutentha kwa chipinda, pamene zotsukira zina zimakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana kwambiri zotsukira pochapa ozizira ndi otentha.
③ thovu
Anthu nthawi zambiri amasokoneza luso la kuchita thovu ndi kuchapa, pokhulupirira kuti zotsukira zokhala ndi thovu zolimba zimakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino zochapira. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti kuchapa sikukhudzana mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka kwa thovu. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito chotsukira thovu chochepa pochapira sikukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri kuposa zotsukira zotulutsa thovu.
Ngakhale thovu siligwirizana mwachindunji ndi kutsuka, thovu limathandizabe kuchotsa dothi nthawi zina. Mwachitsanzo, thovu lamadzi ochapira amatha kunyamula madontho amafuta potsuka mbale pamanja. Pokolopa pamphasa, thovu amathanso kuchotsa dothi lolimba ngati fumbi. Fumbi limapanga gawo lalikulu la dothi la pamphasa, kotero otsuka pamphasa ayenera kukhala ndi luso lotulutsa thovu.
Mphamvu ya thovu ndiyofunikanso pa shampu. Chithovu chabwino chomwe chimapangidwa ndi madziwa potsuka tsitsi kapena kusamba chimapangitsa anthu kukhala omasuka.
④ Mitundu ya ulusi ndi mawonekedwe a nsalu
Kuphatikiza pa kapangidwe kake ka ulusi komwe kumakhudza kumamatira ndi kuchotsedwa kwa dothi, mawonekedwe a ulusi ndi kapangidwe kake ka ulusi ndi nsalu zimakhudzanso zovuta kuchotsa dothi.
Mamba a ulusi waubweya ndi ulusi wathyathyathya ngati mawonekedwe a ulusi wa thonje ndiwosavuta kuwunjikana kuposa ulusi wosalala. Mwachitsanzo, kaboni wakuda wotsatiridwa ndi filimu ya cellulose (filimu yomatira) ndiyosavuta kuchotsa, pomwe kaboni wakuda wotsatiridwa ndi nsalu ya thonje ndizovuta kutsuka. Mwachitsanzo, nsalu zazifupi za poliyesitala zimakonda kudziunjikira madontho amafuta kuposa nsalu zazitali zazitali, komanso madontho amafuta pansalu zazifupi za ulusi amavutanso kuchotsa kuposa ansalu zazitali zazitali.
Ulusi wopindika mwamphamvu ndi nsalu zolimba, chifukwa cha mipata yaying'ono pakati pa ulusi, imatha kukana kuukira kwa dothi, komanso kulepheretsa njira yoyeretsera kuti isachotse zinyalala zamkati. Choncho, nsalu zolimba zimakhala ndi zotsutsana bwino ndi dothi pachiyambi, komanso zimakhala zovuta kuyeretsa kamodzi zitaipitsidwa.
⑤ Kuuma kwa madzi
Kuchuluka kwa ayoni zitsulo monga Ca2 + ndi Mg2 + m’madzi kumakhudza kwambiri kutsukako, makamaka pamene anionic surfactants akumana ndi Ca2 + ndi Mg2 + ions kuti apange mchere wa calcium ndi magnesium wosasungunuka bwino, womwe ungachepetse mphamvu yawo yoyeretsa. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa ma surfactants ndiambiri m'madzi olimba, kuyeretsa kwawo kumakhala koyipa kwambiri kuposa mu distillation. Kuti mukwaniritse zotsatira zabwino zotsuka za surfactants, kuchuluka kwa Ca2 + m'madzi kuyenera kuchepetsedwa kukhala pansi pa 1 × 10-6mol/L (CaCO3 iyenera kuchepetsedwa kukhala 0.1mg/L). Izi zimafuna kuwonjezera zofewa zosiyanasiyana ku detergent.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-16-2024