1. Mavuto oopsa
Mphamvu ya Contrakity Purce kutalika kwa madzimadzi imatchedwa kuti nkhawa, yoyesedwa mu n • M-1.
2. Zochita zapamwamba komanso zowonjezera
Katundu yemwe amatha kuchepetsa mavuto a ma soils amatchedwa kuti ntchito, ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zimayikidwa pamalo ogwirizira.
Zogwiritsa ntchito zimatchulanso zinthu zogwira ntchito zomwe zingapangire michere ndi zina zophatikizira m'matumba, zimakhala ndi zochitika zapamwamba, komanso zimakhala ndi zonyowa, ndikusamba, ndi ntchito zina.
3. Mapangidwe a majerekiti a sulecular
Zogwiritsa ntchito ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhala ndi zojambula zapadera komanso katundu zomwe zingasinthe kwambiri pakati pa magawo awiri kapena kuvuta kwa madzi
Kulankhula molingana, oundana ogwiritsa ntchito amatenga magawo awiri okhala ndi magulu awiri osiyanasiyana ogwira ntchito m'mamolekyulu awo. Mapeto amodzi ndi gulu lalitali losatalikirana lomwe limasungunuka mu mafuta koma zopanda madzi m'madzi, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi gulu la hydrophobic kapena gulu la hydrophobic. Magulu awa a Hydrophobic nthawi zambiri amakhala ma hycrocarbons a nthawi yayitali, nthawi zina amakhalanso opanga ma fluorilina, omwe amapanga ukadaulo, ndi gulu lina lamphamvu, ndi gulu la hydrophilic. Gulu la Hydrophilic liyenera kukhala ndi hydrophilicity yokwanira kuti muwonetsetse kuti zowongolera zonse zimasungunuka m'madzi ndipo ili ndi kususuka kofunikira. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa ma hydrophilic ndi magulu a hydrophobic muodyera, amatha kusungunuka kamodzi ka gawo limodzi la gawo lamadzi. The hydrophilic ndi oleophilic katundu wa orfactonts amatchedwa omuveraity.
4.Types aorfackants
Ourfactonts ndi mamolekyu azomwe ali ndi ma hydrophobic ndi ma hydrophilic magulu. Magulu a hydrophobic a okonda nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma hydrocarbons othamanga, monga tebulo lowongoka la ma alkyl c8sphyl makamaka mabodza a ma carbon, ndi mikangano yaying'ono, Pomwe pali mitundu yambiri ya magulu a hydrophilic. Chifukwa chake, katundu wa okonda makamaka amakhudzana ndi magulu a hydrophilic kuphatikiza kukula ndi mawonekedwe a magulu a hydrophobic. Kusintha kwa ma hydrophilic magulu a hydrophilic ndi akulu kuposa magulu a hydrophobic, kotero gulu la ogwiritsa ntchito makamaka nthawi zambiri limakhala magulu a hydrophilic magulu a hydrophilic. Kugawika kumeneku kumakhazikitsidwa makamaka ngati magulu a hydrophilic ndi Ionic, ogawanitsa iwo mu Anionic, CATIC, Nonionic, ZwiTterionic, ndi mitundu ina yapadera ya okonda.
5. Makhalidwe a zochulukirapo zam'madzi
① Adsorption wa surfactonts mu mawonekedwe
Mamolekyulu ochulukitsa amakhala ndi mipopulic ndi ma hydhophilic magulu a hydophilic, akuwapanga iwo kukhala achilekyu ampadya. Madzi ndi polar madzi olimba. Pamene okonda kusungunuka m'madzi, malingana ndi kufanana kwa polartity komwe kumapangitsa, magulu awo a hydrophilic amakopeka ndi gawo lamadzi ndikusungunuka m'madzi ndikusiya madzi. Zotsatira zake, mamolekyulu achuma (kapena anyezi) Adsorb pamalo awiriwo pakati pa magawo awiriwo, akuchepetsa ubwana wosamvana pakati pa magawo awiriwo. Ma mamolekyulu ochulukirapo (kapena ma ion) amapangidwira mawonekedwe, kuchuluka kwakukulu mu zovuta zina.
② Malo ena a Adsorption Membrane
Kukakamizidwa kwa Adsorption Membrane: Orfants ADSORB Pamasamba-mawonekedwe a madziwo kuti apange membrane. Ngati mbale yopanda tanthauzo yopanda tanthauzo imayikidwa pa mawonekedwe ndi mbale yoyandama imakankhira muyeso wa Adsorption Pafupi ndi yankho, nembanemba imapanikizika pa mbale yoyandama, yomwe imatchedwa kuti ikuyenda bwino.
Mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe: Monga kukakamizidwa kwakumaso, mawonekedwe am'maso ndi malo omwe amawonetsedwa ndi mafilimu okhazikika. Kuyimitsa mphete ya platinamu yokhala ndi waya wowonda, pangani ndege yake yolumikizirana ndi mphete ya platinamu, mphete ya platinium imalephereka ndi mafayilo pang'onopang'ono, malinga ndi momwe ma virus amayezera. Njirayi ndi iyi: Choyamba chimayesa pamadzi oyera, yeretsani kuwunika, kenako yeretsani kufooka kwa mapangidwe a nkhope, ndikuwerengera mafashoni a nkhope kuchokera pakati pa awiriwa.
Mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe amagwirizana kwambiri ndi kulimba kwa chigoba cha nkhope. Popeza filimu ya Adsororption ili ndi nkhawa komanso mafakitidwe, ziyenera kukhala zotanuka. Kupsinjika kwapamwamba komanso mafayilo a nyimbo za Adsorption, zokulirapo mopanda zotanukira. Modukisi modula wa filimu ya Adsororption ndi yofunika kwambiri pakukhazikika kwa chithovu.
Mapangidwe a ma micleles
Direni yankho la okonda limatsata malamulo a njira zabwino. Kuchuluka kwa okonda kuchuluka kwa yankho kumawonjezeka ndi chidwi cha yankho. Pamene ndende ifika kapena yoposa mtengo winawake, kuchuluka kwa adsorption sikuchulukanso. Mamolekyu ochulukitsa awa omwe ali mu njira yothetsera vutoli ndi kusokonezeka kapena kukhalapo pafupipafupi. Zonse ziwirizi ndi malingaliro awonetsa kuti amapanga maulendo ophatikizika mu njira, omwe amatchedwa micheel.
Michenje yovuta ya Michel
④ CMC mtengo wa zowonjezera wamba.
6. Hydrophilic ndi Oleopefilic Equilibrium
HLB imayimira hydrophilic lipophilic moyenera, yomwe imayimira ma hydrophilic mfundo zofanana za hydrophilic ndi mapophilic amtengo wapatali, mwachitsanzo mtengo wa hlb a spectictictictic. Mtengo wa HLB umawonetsa hydrophilicity komanso lipophilicity yofowoka ya molekyulu; M'malo mwake, ili ndi lipophilicity komanso hydrophilicity.
① Malangizo pa mtengo wa HLB
Mtengo wa HLB ndi mtengo wachibale, kotero popanga phindu la HLB, monga muyezo, mtengo wa hlbbhilicilic dodeclity wa sodium umakhala mkati mwa 1-40. Nthawi zambiri, emulsifiers okhala ndi ma rlb amasangalala ndi 10 ndi lipophlic, pomwe emulsiliers ndi hlb miyeso yayikulu kuposa 10 ndi hydrophilic. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kwa malo kuchokera pa lipophilicity ku hydrophilicity kuli pafupifupi 10.
7.. Emulsization ndi Solubilition
Madzi Awiri Omwe Amakhala Nawo, wopangidwa ndi kufalitsa tinthu tofana ndi tinthu tofana ndi tinthu tomwe timadzimadzi tomwe timakhalamo, timatchedwa emulsions. Mukamapanga emulsion, malo osokoneza bongo pakati pa zakumwa ziwirizi zimachuluka, kupangitsa kuti dongosolo la thermodynalmu losakhazikika. Kukhazikitsa emulsion, gawo lachitatu - a emulsifier - akuyenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti achepetse mphamvu yanthawiyo. Emulsifebes ndi odabwitsa, ndipo ntchito yawo yayikulu ndiyochita monga ma emulsifiers. Gawo lomwe madontho omwe amapezeka mu emulsion amatchedwa gawo lomwalila (kapena mkati mwa gawo lamkati, gawo lolephera), ndipo gawo lina lolumikizidwa limatchedwa kuti kubalalika (kapena gawo lakunja, gawo lopitilira).
Ma ① emulsifiers ndi emulsions
Zofala wamba zimakhala ndi gawo limodzi la madzi kapena njira ina yothetsera madzi opangidwa ndi madzi ndipo mafuta ophatikizika ndi o / w (mafuta / madzi); Madzi omwazika m'mafuta amapanga madzi a emulsion, woimiridwa ndi W / O (madzi / mafuta). Kuphatikiza apo, madzi ovuta m'madzi mu madzi w / o / w ndi mafuta m'madzi mu mafuta o / w / o emulsions angapangidwenso.
Emulsiferier amalimbitsa emulsion pochepetsa nkhawa yazovuta ndikupanga monolayer Pass.
Zofunikira kwa ma emulsifierer: A: Emulsifiers ayenera ku ADSRORB kapena kupandukira ku mawonekedwe pakati pa magawo awiriwo, akuchepetsa matenda osokoneza bongo; B: Emulsifiers ayenera kupereka tinthu Chifukwa chake, zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma emulsifiers ayenera kukhala ndi magulu amtundu wa amfirilic kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zowonjezera, ndipo okonda amatha kuthana ndi izi.
② Kukonzekera njira za emulsions ndi zinthu zomwe zikukhudza kukhazikika kwa emulsion
Pali njira ziwiri zokonzera emulsions: imodzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira kuti muchepetse madziwo tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timathira mafuta, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale kukonzekeretsa emulsions; Njira ina ndikusungunula madzi munthawi yazomwe mumadzimadzi mu madzi ena kenako ndikuloleza kuti ikhale yoyenera kupanga emulsion.
Kukhazikika kwa emulsissions amatanthauza kuthekera kwawo kukana kuphatikizika kwa tinthu ndikupangitsa kupatukana kwa gawo. Emulsions ndi njira zosakhazikika zokhala ndi mphamvu yofunika yaulere. Chifukwa chake, kukhazikika kwa emulsion kumatanthauza nthawi yofunikira kuti dongosolo lifike pofika kufanana, ndiye kuti, nthawi yofunikira yamadzi mu kachitidwe kalikonse.
Pakakhala polar orcukic onenepa monga mowa wamafuta, mafuta acid ndi mafuta a Amine m'chigolo cha nkhope, mphamvu za ng'amba zimachuluka kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa cha mamolekyu a emulsifeer mu mawonekedwe a a emlsifier adsororption amalumikizana ndi mamolekyulu oledzera monga mowa, asidi ndi acine kuti apange "zovuta" zomwe zimapangitsa mphamvu ya chigoba cha nkhope.
Emulsifierers opangidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mafuta awiri kapena kupitilira apo amatchedwa emulsifiers yosakanikirana. Ma emulsifiers Adsorb pamadzi / mawonekedwe a mafuta, komanso zochitika zolumikizirana zimatha kupanga zovuta. Chifukwa cha kulumikizana mwamphamvu, kusokonezeka kwa ziwopsezo kumachepa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa emulsifier adsorbed kuwonekera kumachulukirachulukira, ndipo kachulukidwe ndi mphamvu ya chigoba cha nkhope ya nkhope zimawonjezereka.
Mlandu wa madontho umakhudza kwambiri kukhazikika kwa emulsions. Ma emulsissions okhazikika nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma pollets okhala ndi magetsi. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito Ionic emulsifiers, emulsiferier iyorbed maganizidwe amakanidwa ndi magulu awo a lipophilic mu gawo la mafuta, pomwe magulu a hydrophilic ali m'gawo lamadzi, motero ndikupangitsa dontho lamadzi, motero ndikupangitsa dontho lamadzi, motero ndikupangitsa dontho lamadzi, motero ndikupangitsa dontho lamadzi, motero ndikupangitsa dontho lamadzi, motero ndikupangitsa dontho lamadzi, motero ndikupangitsa dontho lamadzi, motero ndikupangitsa dontho lamadzi, motero ndikupangitsa madontho amasunge. Chifukwa chakuti madontho a emulsion anyamula zomwezo, amathererana ndipo satha kukhala okalamba, chifukwa chokhazikika. Itha kuwoneka kuti emulsifier ma ions ontorbed m'malovu, okwerawo, komanso okwera kwambiri poletsa drolture cololence, ndikupanga dongosolo lokhazikika.
Makutu a Emulsion Baskions sing'anga imakhudzanso kukhazikika kwa emulsion. Nthawi zambiri, mafayilo osokoneza bongo omwe amabalalitsa sing'anga, kukhazikika kwa emulsion. Izi ndichifukwa chakuti mafayilo omwe amafalitsidwa amabalalika, omwe amalepheretsa kuyenda kwa brownian madontho amadzimadzi, amachepetsa kugunda pakati pamadontho, ndikusunga dongosolo. Zinthu zomwe zimasungunuka nthawi zambiri zimasungunuka mu emulsions zimatha kuwonjezera mamasukidwe a dongosolo ndikuwonjezera kukhazikika kwa emulsion. Kuphatikiza apo, polymer amathanso kupanga chigoba cholimba cha nkhope, ndikupanga dongosolo la emulsion lokhazikika.
Nthawi zina, kuwonjezera ufa wolimba kumatha kukhazikikanso emulsion. Ufa wolimba suli m'madzi, mafuta kapena mawonekedwe, kutengera kuthekera kwamafuta ndi madzi pa ufa wolimba. Ngati ufa wokwanira suwonongedwa kwathunthu ndi madzi ndipo amatha kunyowa ndi mafuta, azikhala pamafuta owoneka bwino.
Cholinga chake chifukwa cha ufa wokwanira sukhazikika mu emulsion ndikuti ufa uja sulimbitsa mawonekedwe a nkhope ya nkhope, omwe ali ofanana ndi mawonekedwe a Adulsarption. Chifukwa chake, kuyandikira kwambiri tinthu tating'onoting'ono timene timakonzedweratu pamalowo, kukhazikika kokhazikika kudzakhala.
Ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuwonjezera kwambiri kusungunuka kwa organic zinthu zomwe ndi zopanda pake kapena zosungunuka pang'ono m'madzi mutapanga ma micleles mu njira yothetsera matenda am'madzi panthawiyi. Izi zimatchedwa Solililization. Zogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimatha kutulutsa zolimbitsa thupi zimatchedwa kuti zosungunuka, ndipo zopangidwa ndi nyama zomwe zimasungunuka zimatchedwa mankhwala otetezedwa.
8. Thovu
Chikho cha chikho chimathandizira pakutsuka. Chiwindi chimatanthawuza dongosolo lobalalika lomwe mpweya umabalalika madzi kapena olimba. Gasi ndiye gawo lobalalika, ndipo madzi kapena olimba ndi obalalika. Wakale amatchedwa chithovu, pomwe choyambirira chimatchedwa chithovu cholimba, monga pulasitiki yolimba, galasi la foam, simenti ya chikho
(1) Kupanga thovu
Chithovu pano chikunena za kuphatikizika kwa thovu lolekanitsidwa ndi filimu yamadzi. Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kachulukidwe pakati pa gawo la omwazika (mpweya) ndi omwazika kwapakatikati (madzi), ndi mafayilo otsika amadzimadzi, chithovu chimatha kukwera ku mulingo wamadzi mwachangu.
Njira yopanga chithovu ndikubweretsa mpweya wambiri mu madzi, ndipo thovu m'madzi amabwerera kumadzi mwachangu, ndikupanga bubble yolekanitsidwa ndi madzi ocheperako ndi mpweya
Chithovu chili ndi mikhalidwe iwiri yodabwitsa ku morphology: imodzi ndikuti ma bubble monga omwazikitsira nthawi zambiri pomporera, chifukwa pamakhala chizolowezi cha filimu yamadzi kuti ikhale yocheperako, ndikupanga thonje la polyhedral. Ma filimu a madziwo akakhala ocheperako kumlingo winawake, thovu lidzasweka; Chachiwiri, madzi oyera sangapangire chithovu chokhazikika, koma madzi omwe amatha kupanga chithovu ndi zigawo ziwiri kapena kupitilira apo. Njira yothetsera matenda a surtisical ndi njira yofananira kuti ipange chithovu, ndipo kuthekera kwake kupanga chithovu kumagwirizananso ndi zinthu zina.
Okonda ndi luso labwino lotchedwa ogwiritsira ntchito thonje. Ngakhale kuti wothandizila ali ndi kuthekera bwino kwa thovu, thovu lopangidwa silingathe kusamalira nthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti, kukhazikika kwake sikungakhale bwino. Pofuna kukhalabe ndi kukhazikika kwa chithovu, chinthu chomwe chingakulitse kukhazikika kwa thovu nthawi zambiri kumawonjezeredwa kwa wothandizila womenyedwayo, womwe umatchedwa chitsengedwe cha thovu. Okhazikika omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chiwombankhanga ndi Lauroyl Teneramine ndi dodecyl Dimethyl Amine oxide.
(2) Kukhazikika kwa thovu
Chithovu ndi dongosolo losakhazikika, ndipo chomaliza ndichomwe chimakhala chakumaso mu dongosolo limachepa ndipo mphamvu yaulere imachepera. Njira yolowerera ndi njira yomwe amadzimadzi filimu yolekanitsa mafuta amasungunuka mpaka itakhazikika. Chifukwa chake, kukhazikika kwa chithovu kumatsimikiziridwa ndi liwiro la madzi otulutsa ndi mphamvu yamadzimadzi. Pali zinthu zingapo zochititsa chidwi.
Malo osokoneza bongo
Kuchokera pamavuto owoneka bwino, kuchepa kochepa kwambiri kumakonda kwambiri mapangidwe a thovu, koma silingatsimikizireni kukhazikika kwa thovu. Kusamvana kotsika, kusiyana kochepa, pang'onopang'ono madzi osowa, ndipo pang'onopang'ono kuchepa kwa filimu kumakhala koyenera kukhazikika kwa chithovu.
② Malo owoneka bwino
Chofunikira kwambiri kudziwa kukhazikika kwa chithovu ndi mphamvu ya filimu yamadzi, yomwe imatsimikiziridwa ndi kulimba kwa filimu ya Adsororption, yoyesedwa ndi mawonekedwe akumwamba. Zoyeserera zikuwonetsa kuti chithovu chopangidwa ndi yankho lomwe lili ndi ma virus apamwamba ali ndi moyo wautali. Izi zili choncho chifukwa kulumikizana pakati pa mamolekyudwe oyesedwa pachimake kumabweretsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yayikulu, motero kukonza moyo wa thovu.
③ Funso la Masulidwe
Mawonekedwe a madziwo atakula, madzi mu filimu yamadzimadzi siophweka kuchotsedwa, ndipo kuthamanga kwa madzimadzi owoneka bwino amasachedwa, omwe amachedwa nthawi ya chotupa cha madzimadzi ndikuwonjezera kukhazikika kwa chithovu.
④ 'kukonza' zotsatira za kusokonezeka kwa zinthu
Zojambulajambula pamalo a filimu yamadzimadzi imatha kukana kukulitsa kapena kuphatikizira kwa madzimadzi otenthetsera, omwe timawatchulanso kuti akukonza. Izi ndichifukwa choti pali filimu yamadzimadzi ya orfactorts adsorbed pansi, ndikukulitsa malo ake okhazikika amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mamolekyulu odziwika bwino ndikuwonjezera kusokonezeka kwa nkhope. Kukulanso pamwamba kumafunikira kuyesetsa kwambiri. Mofananamo, malo oseketsa amawonjezera kuchuluka kwa mamolekyudwe a Adsorbed pamwamba, akuchepetsa matenda osokoneza bongo komanso kulepheretsa ena.
⑤ Kusintha kwa mpweya kudzera mu filimu yamadzi
Chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa kupanikizika kwa capillary, kukakamizidwa kwa thovu laling'ono ku chithovu ndikokwera kuposa momwe ma thonje akulu amawolowerere mufilimu yotsika, ndipo pamapeto pake ma thovu akuluakulu amakhala okulirapo. Ngati orcuta wawonjezeredwa, chithovu chidzakhala yunifolomu mukamamenyedwa, ndipo sizophweka kusokoneza. Popeza zophazo zimapangidwanso mufilimu yamadzi, ndizovuta kukhotetsa, zomwe zimapangitsa chithovu.
⑥ Kutengera kwamphamvu
Ngati chithovu chamadzimadzi chimayimbidwa ndi chizindikiro chomwecho, malo awiriwa a filimu yamadzi amatulutsa wina ndi mnzake, kupewa madzi am'madzi kuchokera kupatulira kapena kuwononga. Ionic magarufactonts amatha kupereka izi zolimbitsa thupi.
Pomaliza, mphamvu zamadzimadzi ndi chinthu chofunikira kudziwa kukhazikika kwa thovu. Monga zowonjezera zolimbitsa thupi ndi zolimbitsa thupi, kulimba ndi kulimba kwa mamolekyulu ovomerezeka ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Pamene kulumikizana pakati pa mamolekyudwe adsorbed pansi ndi kolimba, mamolekyu oyesedwa amakonzedwa bwino, zomwe sizimangopangitsa chikhocho cha nkhope kuti chikhale cholimba kwambiri, motero chimakhala chovuta kwambiri kuti chikhongole champhamvu chikuvutike, ndipo makulidwe amadzimadzi ndikosavuta kusunga. Kuphatikiza apo, mamolekyulu otsekeka kwambiri amathanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mamolekyulu a mpweya kenako ndikuwonjezera kukhazikika kwa thovu.
(3) Kuwonongeka kwa thovu
Mfundo yoyambilira yowononga chithovu ndikusintha zinthuzo popanga chithovu kapena kuchotsa zinthu zokhazikika za chithovu, ndiye kuti pali njira ziwiri zodzisinthira, zakuthupi ndi mankhwala.
Kuwonongeka kwakuthupi ndikusintha zinthu zomwe zitsamba zimapangidwa pomwe zimasunga mankhwala a foam foam osasinthika osasinthika. Mwachitsanzo, kusokonezeka kwakunja kwamphamvu, kutentha kapena kutengera kutengera kwapadera ndipo akupanga njira zonse ndi njira zonse zakuthupi zochotsera thovu.
Njira yolowera mankhwala ndikuwonjezera zinthu zina kuti azilumikizana ndi wogwirizira, muchepetse mphamvu yamadzimadzi mu chithovu, kenako ndikuchepetsa kukhazikika kwa chithovu kuti mukwaniritse cholinga chofuna kuwonongeka. Zinthu zoterezi zimatchedwa decoamers. Ma devoamor ambiri amakhala okonda. Chifukwa chake, malingana magwiridwe osokoneza, mawonekedwe ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yochepetsera kusokonezeka kwa mawonekedwe, ndikumangokhala ndi zofooka pakati pa mamolekyulu okongoletsa pansi, ndikupanga makonzedwe obisika a mamolekyulu odekha.
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zosokoneza, koma ambiri omwe siadoni osaic. Zosagwirizana ndi ionic zokhala ndi zovuta zotsutsana ndi nyumba pafupi kapena pamwamba pa mtambo wawo ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zomasulira. Mawa, makamaka omwe ali ndi zida za nthambi, mafuta acids ndi esters, posyamides, mabodza, mafuta ambiri, ndi zina zambiri.
(4.) chithovu ndi kuchapa
Palibe ubale wapakati pa thovu ndikusambitsa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa chithovu sikutanthauza kuti kutsuka ndikwabwino kapena koyipa. Mwachitsanzo, kugunda kwa magwiridwe antchito osakhala a ionic osokoneza kwambiri sopo, koma mphamvu zawo zoyeretsedwa ndizabwino kwambiri kuposa sopo.
Nthawi zina, chithovu ndi chothandiza pochotsa dothi. Mwachitsanzo, mukamasamba mapiringuwo kunyumba, thovu la zotsekemera zimatha kuchotsa madontho amafuta adatsukidwa; Mukakuvota carpet, chithovu kumathandiza kuti muchotse dothi lolimba monga fumbi ndi ufa. Kuphatikiza apo, chithovu nthawi zina chimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikirocho ndi chothandiza, chifukwa madontho mafuta mafuta amatha kulepheretsa chithovu cha chotchinga. Pakakhala madontho ochuluka kwambiri mafuta komanso zotupa kwambiri, sipadzakhala chithovu kapena chithovu choyambirira chidzatha. Nthawi zina, chithovu chimatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chizindikiritso cha ngakhale kuchapa kuli koyera. Chifukwa kuchuluka kwa chithovu mu njira yokoka kumachepetsa ndi kuchepa kwa zinthu zotsekemera, kuchuluka kwa khwala kumatha kuwunikidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa chithovu.
9. Kusamba
Munthawi yayikulu, kuchapa ndi njira yochotsera zigawo zosafunikira kuchokera ku chinthu chomwe chimatsukidwa ndikukwaniritsa cholinga china. Kusamba munthawi yayitali kumatanthauza kuti amachotsa dothi kuchokera pansi pa chonyamulira. Pakutsuka, kuyanjana pakati pa dothi ndi wonyamulayo kumafooledwa kapena kuchotsedwa kudzera mu zinthu zina za mankhwala (monga zotchinga), zimapangitsa kuti dothi ndi lonyamula live. Momwe zinthuzo zimatsukidwa ndipo dothi kuti lichotsedwe ndi zosiyanasiyana, kuchapa ndi njira yovuta kwambiri, ndipo njira yoyambira yotsuka imatha kuyimitsidwa ndi ubale wosavuta
Wonyamula • Wodzaza + wofiirira = dothi lonyamula + •
Njira yotsutsira imatha kugawidwa magawo awiri: imodzi ndikulekanitsidwa kwa dothi ndi chonyamulira chake pansi pa zotchinga; Lachiwiri ndilakuti dontho lowonongeka limabalalika ndikuyimitsidwa pakati. Njira yotsutsira ndi njira yosinthira, ndipo dothi lomwe limamwazidwa kapena kuyimitsidwa mu sing'anga amathanso kuwononga zovala. Chifukwa chake, choletsa chabwino sichiyenera kungochotsa dothi kuchokera ku chonyamulira, komanso kukhala ndi kuthekera kwabwino ndikuimitsa dothi, ndikupewa dothi kuti lisayikenso.
(1) Mitundu ya dothi
Ngakhale kwa chinthu chomwecho, mtundu, kapangidwe kake, dothi limasiyana malinga ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mafuta a mafuta makamaka amaphatikiza nyama ndi mafuta a masamba, komanso mafuta onunkhira bwino, dothi, monga thukuta, sebum, etc, etc, etc, etc, etc, etc, etc, etc; Uve kuchokera pazakudya, monga malo otupitsira zipatso, madontho a mafuta a mafuta, madontho okometsera, wowuma, ndi zina; Madontho omwe abweretsedwa ndi zodzola, monga milomo ndi misomali; Uve kuchokera mumlengalenga, monga utsi, fumbi, dothi, ndi zina; Zipangizo zina monga inki, tiyi, utoto, etc. Titha kunenedwa kuti pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi yosiyanasiyana.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dothi nthawi zambiri imatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: dothi lolimba, dothi labwino, komanso dothi lapadera.
Madontho ochuluka amaphatikizapo tinthu tating'onoting'ono monga phulusa, matope, dzimbiri, ndi kaboni. Zambiri mwa tinthuzi zimakhala ndi mlandu woyenera, makamaka osalimbikitsa, ndipo amakongoletsa mosavuta pazinthu zowoneka bwino. Nthawi zambiri, dothi lolimba limakhala lovuta kusungunuka m'madzi, koma limatha kubalalika ndikuyimitsidwa ndi njira zotchinga. Hadi yolimba yokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi zovuta kuchotsa.
Mfuti yamadzimadzi imasungunuka kwambiri mafuta, kuphatikizapo mafuta a nyama ndi masamba, mafuta acids, mafuta owotcha, ndi okumwa. Zina mwa izo, nyama ndi masamba ndi mafuta acids amatha kuwonongedwa ndi alkali, pomwe mafuta am'madzi ndi mafuta a mchere, koma amasungunuka ndikumwaza m'madzi otsekemera. Mafuta amasungunuka madzi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mgwirizano wolimba wokhala ndi zinthu zowoneka bwino ndi adsors mwamphamvu pa ulusi.
Dothi lapadera limaphatikizapo mapuloteni, owuma, magazi, zinsinsi za munthu monga thukuta, etc. Zambiri zamitundu yambiri kudzera muzochita zamankhwala. Chifukwa chake, kusamba kumakhala kovuta kwambiri.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dothi sizikhala zokha, nthawi zambiri zosakanikirana limodzi ndikukongoletsa limodzi pazinthu. Dothi nthawi zina amatha maxidize, kuwola, kapena kuwola pansi pazinthu zakunja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafomu akhale dothi latsopano.
(2) Zotsatira zoyipa za fumbi
Chifukwa chomwe zovala, manja, etc. zimatha kudetsedwa ndi chifukwa pali mtundu wina wa kulumikizana pakati pa zinthu ndi dothi. Pali zotsatsa zosiyanasiyana zotsatsa pazithunzi zochitira zinthu, koma zimakhala makamaka zotsatsa ndi zotsatsa zamankhwala.
① Kutsatira phulusa la ndudu, fumbi, malotoni, kaboni, ndi zina zopangira zovala. Nthawi zambiri, kulumikizana pakati pa dothi komanso chinthu chodetsedwa kumakhala kofooka, ndipo kuchotsedwa kwa dothi ndi kovuta. Malinga ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, kutengera kwa dothi kumatha kugawidwa m'makina omata ndi zotsatsa zamagetsi.
A: Kumakina ojambula kumatanthauza kutengera komiti yolimba ngati fumbi ndi mawonekedwe. Kutsatsa kwa makina ndi njira yofooka yogwirizira dothi, lomwe limatha kuchotsedwa ndi njira zosavuta zamakina. Komabe, kukula kwa dothi ndi laling'ono (<0.1um), ndizovuta kuzichotsa.
B: Kutsatsa kwa magetsi kumaonekera makamaka chifukwa cha zinthu zolipiritsa pazithunzi zomwe zili ndi zoyenderana. Zinthu zambiri zowoneka bwino zimakhala ndi vuto lililonse m'madzi ndipo limalumikizidwa mosavuta ndi dothi labwino monga laimu. Madontho ena, ngakhale panali kutsutsidwa molakwika, monga tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta ma carboos m'matumba am'madzi opangidwa ndi mabatani abwino (monga Ca2 +, ndi malo ogwirira ntchito).
Magetsi okhazikika ndi amphamvu kuposa machitidwe osavuta, kupangitsa kuti zisathetse dothi.
Kuchotsa dothi lapadera
Mapuloteni, wowuma, zokongoletsera za munthu, juzi zamafuta, msuzi wa tiyi ndi mitundu ina ya dothi ndizovuta kuchotsa njira zapadera ndipo zimafunikira njira zapadera zothandizira.
Mapulogalamu opanga mapuloteni monga zonona, mazira, magazi, mkaka, ndi nthawi zonse zimakonda kuphatikizika ndi kusinkhasinkha pa ulusi, ndikutsatira kwambiri. Kwa mapuloteteni ochita mapuloteni, mapuloteke amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochichotsa. Mapulote amatha kuthyola mapuloteni mu dothi kukhala ma amino acid acid kapena oligoptides.
Madera owoneka bwino amabwera chifukwa cha chakudya, pomwe ena monga timadzita, paste, etc.men syzymes ali ndi vuto la madontho a stagar, ndikuphwanya wowuma.
Litase imatha kuthana ndi kuwonongeka kwa triglyceridedes komwe kumakhala kovuta kuchotsa njira, monga sebim yotulutsidwa ndi thupi la munthu, enc., kuthyola triglyceridedes ndi mafuta acids.
Madontho ena achikuda kuchokera ku msuzi wa zipatso, madzi a tiyi, inki, milomo, etc. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ovuta kutsukidwa bwino ngakhale atatsuka mobwerezabwereza. Mtundu wamtunduwu umatha kuchotsedwa ndi oxidation-kuchepetsa maxidations amagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito oxidants kapena kuwononga kapangidwe ka ma cromophore kapena ma gromhore timagulu osungunuka.
Kuchokera pakuyeretsa kouma, pali mitundu itatu ya dothi.
Mafuta osungunuka mafuta amaphatikizapo mafuta ndi mafuta osiyanasiyana, omwe amadzimadzi kapena mafuta ndikusungunuka ndikusungunuka mu masitima otsuka.
Mafuta osungunuka amadzi amasungunuka mu njira yamadzi, koma yopanda mphamvu yotsuka. Ima Adsors pa zovala mu mawonekedwe a yankho la madzi, ndipo madzi atasintha madzi, ma granolar atakhazikika monga mchere, mafuta, etc. amakonzedwa.
③ Madzi amadzi opanda mafuta amasungunuka m'madzi ndi zotsuka zotsuka, monga kaboni wakuda, zitsulo zosiyanasiyana zachitsulo, ndi ma okoma.
Chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dothi, pali njira zosiyanasiyana zochotsa dothi nthawi yopumira. Mafuta osungunuka, monga nyama ndi mafuta a nyama, mafuta amchere, ndi mafuta, amasungunuka mosavuta mu organic solsic ndipo amatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta panthawi yotsuka. Kusungunuka koyenera kwa masitima owuma pakupanga mafuta ndi mafuta makamaka chifukwa cha a van der Way utsogoleri pakati pa mamolekyulu.
Kuti muchotsere dothi losungunuka monga mafuta onunkhira, shuga, mapuloteni, thukuta, ndi zina zambiri zosungunulira madzi ndizovuta kuti muchotse zovala. Koma madzi ndi ovuta kusungunuka mu othandizira oyeretsa otsuka, kotero kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwa madzi, maoda amafunika kuwonjezeredwa. Madzi omwe alipo pakutsuka owuma amatha kutaya dothi komanso zovala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kulumikizana ndi magulu a polar za okonda, zomwe ndizopindulitsa kwa Adsororpts patali. Kuphatikiza apo, pamene okonda amapanga ma micrelleles, mafuta osungunuka madzi ndi madzi amatha kusungunuka mu mipembedzo. Ogwiritsa ntchito sangokulitsa madzi omwe ali m'matumbo otsuka, komanso kupewa kuwononga dothi kuti liziwonjezera kuyeretsa.
Kukhalapo kwa madzi ochepa ndikofunikira kuchotsa dothi losungunuka lamadzi, koma madzi ochulukirapo amatha kupangitsa zovala kuti zisasokoneze, enninkle, etc., kotero madzi ali mu mawonekedwe owuma ayenera kukhala owuma.
Zomera zolimba monga phulusa, matope, ndi kaboni, yomwe sikuti sungunuka kapena mafuta osungunuka, nthawi zambiri amatsatira ndi madontho ophatikizika. Pakutsuka kowuma, kuyenda ndi kukhudzika kwa ma sodi kungapangitse dothi lonyansa ndi ma electostatic mphamvu zokhala ndi madontho omwe amaphatikizira ndi madontho omwe amaphatikiza zovala kuti achoke kuntchito yotsuka. Madzi ochepa ndi owonjezera mu wothandizika woyeretsa amatha kuyimitsa ndikubalalitsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timagwera, kuzipewanso kuyikanso zovala.
(5) Zinthu zomwe zikukhudzanso mphamvu yotsuka
Adsorption Adsororption ya okonda kuphatikizika ndikuchepetsa kwa mawonekedwe (zigawo) ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuchotsa madzi kapena zinthu zolimba. Koma njira yosambitsa ndi yovuta, ndipo ngakhale kutsuka kwa mtundu womwewo kumakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zina zambiri. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa zotsekemera, kutentha, chilengedwe cha dothi, mtundu wa fiber, ndi kapangidwe ka nsalu.
① Kukhazikika kwa ogwiritsa ntchito
Micrelle wa orfactonts mu yankho imagwira gawo lofunikira pakutsuka. Pamene ndende itafika pamiyeso yovuta kwambiri (CMC), kutsuka kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa chopilira mu solvent kuyenera kukhala chapamwamba kuposa mtengo wa CMC kuti ukwaniritse bwino kutsuka bwino. Komabe, pamene kuchuluka kwa okonda kuchuluka kwa CMC, kutsuka kowonjezereka kumakhala kofunikira kwenikweni, ndipo kuchuluka kwambiri mu surtictor ndende sikofunikira.
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mitu yochotsa mafuta, ngakhale ngati chidwi chili pamwamba pa mtengo wa cmc, solubilizetion imagwirabe ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwa chidwi cha ndende. Pakadali pano, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito zotchinga kwanuko, monga pama cuffs ndi zovomerezeka za zovala zomwe zilipo dothi zambiri. Mukatsuka, wotsetsereka amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba kuti musinthe zosintha zaochuludzo wa orfacts.
Kutentha kumakhala ndi vuto lalikulu pakuyeretsa. Ponseponse, kukulitsa kutentha kumakhala kopindulitsa chofukizira dothi, koma nthawi zina kutentha kwambiri kumatha kuyambitsanso zovuta.
Kuchulukitsa kutentha kumakhala kopindulitsa kwa mbeu. Madontho olimba amasungunuka mosavuta ngati kutentha kumakhala pamwamba pa malo awo osungunuka, ndipo ulusiwo umawonjezera kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kutentha. Zinthu izi ndi zopindulitsa pakuchotsa dothi. Komabe, nsalu zolimba, micro micRs pakati pa ulusi zimachepetsedwa pambuyo pakukula kwa fiber, komwe sikuyenera kuchotsa dothi.
Kusintha kwa kutentha kumakhudzanso kusungunuka, mtengo wa cmc, ndi michere ya michenje ya okonda, potero akukhudza kutsuka. Kutalika kwa carbon banfackantss ali ndi kusungunuka kosungunuka pamatenthedwe otsika, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala osungunuka kuposa mtengo wa CMC. Poterepa, kutentha kuzizira kumayenera kukulira bwino. Mphamvu ya kutentha pa cmc mtengo ndi kukula kwa michenje ndizosiyana kwa ionic ndi ionic surfactonts. Kwa Ionic Orfactonts, kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo wa cmc komanso kuchepa kwa michenje. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa okonda okonda kuyenera kuchuluka pakusambitsa. Kwa osagwirizana osagwirizana, kutentha kwambiri kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa mtengo wawo wa cmc komanso kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa michenje yawo. Itha kuwoneka kuti kutentha koyenera kumatha kuthandiza ogwiritsa ntchito ogwiritsa ntchito ogwiritsa ntchito. Koma matenthedwe sayenera kupitilira mitambo yake.
Mwachidule, kutentha koyenera kwambiri kumakhala kokhudzana ndi njira yotsekemera ndi chinthu chotsukidwa. Zofooka zina zimakhala ndi zosintha zabwino kutentha, pomwe zofukizira zina zimakhala ndi kuyeretsa kosiyanasiyana kozizira komanso kutentha kwamoto.
③ Zitho
Anthu nthawi zambiri amasokoneza kuthekera kwa chiwopsezo chotsuka, kukhulupirira kuti zoletsa zomwe zili ndi kuthekera kwamphamvu kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo zabwino. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti kutsuka sikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka kwa chithovu. Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito chotchinga chofewa chofuna kuchapa sichikhala ndi chosambitsa kwambiri kuposa chowongoletsera kwambiri.
Ngakhale chithovu sichinafanane mwachindunji kutsuka, chithovu ndi chothandizabe kuchotsa zinyalala nthawi zina. Mwachitsanzo, chithovu cha kusamba chimatha kunyamula mafuta amatsikira mukamatsuka mbale. Popanga carpet, chithovu chimathanso chochotsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ngati fumbi. Maakaunti a fumbi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa uvet, motero oyeretsa matope amayenera kukhala ndi kuthekera kwina.
Mphamvu yolumitsa ndiyofunikanso kwa shampoo. Chikopa cha chabwino chomwe chimapangidwa ndi madzi mukatsuka tsitsi kapena kusamba kumapangitsa kuti anthu azimasuka.
Mitundu ya ulusi ndi zinthu zakuthupi
Kuphatikiza pa kapangidwe kake ka ulusi wokhudza chotsatsa ndikuchotsa dothi, maonekedwe a ulusi ndi kapangidwe ka mafupe ndi nsalu zimakhudzanso vuto la kutha kwadothi.
Masikelo a ulusi wa ubweya ndi mawonekedwe athyathyathya ngati ulusi wa thonje amakhala wokonda kucheza ndi ulusi wosalala kuposa ulusi wosalala. Mwachitsanzo, carbon wakuda adatsatira filimu ya cellulose (filimu yomatira) ndizosavuta kuchotsa, pomwe carbon wakuda adapirira nsalu thonje ndizovuta kutsuka. Mwachitsanzo, nsalu zazifupi za polyester ndizokonda kupeza madontho ochulukirapo kuposa nsalu zazitali, ndipo madontho a mafuta pa nsalu zazifupi ndizovutanso kuposa zomwe zili pa nsalu zazitali.
Zingwe zopindika zokhotakhota zolimba ndi nsalu zolimba, chifukwa cha mipata yaying'ono ya micro pakati pa ulusi, mutha kukana kulamula kwa dothi, komanso kuletsa njira yoyeretsa pochotsa dothi lamkati. Chifukwa chake, nsalu zolimba zimakhala ndi kukana kwabwino kwa dothi pa chiyambi, koma ndizovutanso kuyeretsa pomwe zidayipitsidwa.
⑤ kuuma kwamadzi
Kukhazikika kwa chitsulo monga Ca2 + ndi mg2 + m'madzi amakumana ndi mphamvu yotsuka, makamaka pamene Anionic soseckants amakumana ndi cancrombotits + ndi mg2 + ma magnesiamu mchere osauka, zomwe zingachepetse luso lawo losauka. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa okonda kuchuluka kwa madzi okwera m'madzi olimba, kusintha kwawo kukukulirapo kwambiri kuposa distillation. Kuti mukwaniritse bwino kuchapa kwa orfactonts, ma ions a cax + mpaka 10-6mol / l (Cacol / l (1mg / l). Izi zimafuna kuwonjezera sofinenti osiyanasiyana kuti akhale wotsekemera.
Post Nthawi: Aug-16-2024