Mphamvu ya shrinkage ya kutalika kwa gawo lililonse pamtunda wamadzimadzi imatchedwa kuthamanga kwapamwamba, ndipo unit ndi N.·m-1.
Katundu wochepetsera kupsinjika kwa pamwamba pa zosungunulira amatchedwa ntchito yapamtunda, ndipo chinthu chokhala ndi chinthuchi chimatchedwa chinthu chogwira ntchito pamwamba.
Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtunda zomwe zimatha kumanga mamolekyu muzitsulo zamadzimadzi ndikupanga micelles ndi mayanjano ena, ndikukhala ndi ntchito yapamwamba, komanso kukhala ndi zotsatira za kunyowetsa, emulsifying, thovu, kutsuka, ndi zina zotero zimatchedwa surfactant.
Surfactant ndi organic mankhwala ndi dongosolo lapadera ndi katundu, amene kwambiri kusintha interfacial kukangana pakati pa magawo awiri kapena pamwamba mavuto a zamadzimadzi (nthawi zambiri madzi), ndi kunyowetsa, thovu, emulsifying, kutsuka ndi katundu wina.
Pankhani ya kapangidwe kake, ma surfactants ali ndi chinthu chofanana chifukwa ali ndi magulu awiri amitundu yosiyanasiyana m'mamolekyu awo. Pamapeto pake pali unyolo wautali wa gulu lopanda polar, losungunuka mumafuta komanso osasungunuka m'madzi, omwe amadziwikanso kuti gulu la hydrophobic kapena gulu lopanda madzi. Gulu lopanda madzi loterolo nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi maunyolo aatali a ma hydrocarbons, nthawi zina komanso organic fluorine, silicon, organophosphate, organotin unyolo, etc. Pamapeto ena ndi gulu losungunuka madzi, gulu la hydrophilic kapena gulu lochotsa mafuta. Gulu la hydrophilic liyenera kukhala lokwanira hydrophilic kuwonetsetsa kuti ma surfactants onse amasungunuka m'madzi ndipo amakhala ndi kusungunuka koyenera. Popeza ma surfactants ali ndi magulu a hydrophilic ndi hydrophobic, amatha kusungunuka mu gawo limodzi lamadzimadzi. Izi hydrophilic ndi lipophilic katundu surfactant amatchedwa amphiphilicity.
Surfactant ndi mtundu wa mamolekyu amphiphilic okhala ndi magulu onse a hydrophobic ndi hydrophilic. Magulu a Hydrophobic of surfactants nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma hydrocarbon azitali, monga alkyl C8~C20 owongoka, alkyl C8~C20, alkylphenyl (alkyl carbon tom number ndi 8~16) ndi zina zotero. Kusiyana komwe kuli kochepa pakati pa magulu a hydrophobic makamaka pakusintha kwapangidwe kwa unyolo wa hydrocarbon. Ndipo mitundu yamagulu a hydrophilic ndi yochulukirapo, kotero kuti katundu wa surfactants amagwirizana kwambiri ndi magulu a hydrophilic kuwonjezera pa kukula ndi mawonekedwe a magulu a hydrophobic. Zosintha zamapangidwe amagulu a hydrophilic ndizokulirapo kuposa magulu a hydrophobic, chifukwa chake kugawika kwa ma surfactants nthawi zambiri kumatengera kapangidwe ka magulu a hydrophilic. Gulu ili lachokera ngati gulu la hydrophilic ndi ionic kapena ayi, ndipo lagawidwa kukhala anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic ndi mitundu ina yapadera ya surfactants.
① Adsorption of surfactants pa interfac
Ma surfactant molecules ndi ma amphiphilic molecule okhala ndi magulu onse a lipophilic ndi hydrophilic. Pamene surfactant imasungunuka m'madzi, gulu lake la hydrophilic limakopeka ndi madzi ndikusungunuka m'madzi, pamene gulu lake la lipophilic limathamangitsidwa ndi madzi ndikusiya madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mamolekyu a surfactant (kapena ayoni) atengeke pa mawonekedwe a magawo awiriwa. , zomwe zimachepetsa kusagwirizana pakati pa magawo awiriwa. Mamolekyu ochulukirapo (kapena ayoni) amatsatiridwa pamawonekedwe, m'pamenenso kuchepetsa kusagwirizana kwapakati pa nkhope.
② Zinthu zina za adsorption membrane
Kuthamanga kwapamwamba kwa nembanemba ya adsorption: Kutengera kwamadzi pamadzi amadzimadzi kuti apange nembanemba yotsatsira, monga kuyika pepala loyandama losasunthika pamawonekedwe, pepala loyandama limakankhira nembanemba ya adsorbent m'mphepete mwa yankho, ndipo nembanembayo imapanga kukakamiza. pa pepala loyandama, lomwe limatchedwa kuthamanga pamwamba.
Surface viscosity: Monga kuthamanga kwapamtunda, kukhuthala kwapamwamba ndi chinthu chomwe chimawonetsedwa ndi nembanemba ya maselo osasungunuka. Imayimitsidwa ndi mphete yabwino yachitsulo ya platinamu, kuti ndege yake igwirizane ndi madzi pamwamba pa thanki, tembenuzani mphete ya platinamu, mphete ya platinamu ndi kukhuthala kwamadzi oletsa madzi, matalikidwewo amawola pang'onopang'ono, malinga ndi momwe kukhuthala kwamadzi kungathere. kuyeza. Njirayi ndi: choyamba, kuyesera kumachitikira pamadzi oyera kuti ayese kuwonongeka kwa matalikidwe, ndiyeno kuwola pambuyo pa kupangidwa kwa nembanemba pamwamba kumayesedwa, ndipo kukhuthala kwa nembanemba kumachokera ku kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi. .
Kukhuthala kwapamtunda kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kulimba kwa nembanemba yapamtunda, ndipo popeza nembanemba ya adsorption imakhala ndi kuthamanga kwapamtunda ndi kukhuthala, iyenera kukhala ndi elasticity. Kuthamanga kwapamwamba kwapamwamba komanso kukwezeka kwa viscosity ya adsorbed membrane, kumapangitsanso kuti zotanuka modulus zake zikweze. The zotanuka modulus wa pamwamba adsorption nembanemba n'kofunika mu ndondomeko kuwira kukhazikika.
③ Kupanga ma micelles
Mayankho osungunuka a ma surfactants amamvera malamulo otsatiridwa ndi mayankho abwino. Kuchuluka kwa surfactant adsorbed pamwamba pa yankho kumawonjezeka ndi ndende ya yankho, ndipo pamene ndende ifika kapena kupitirira mtengo wina, kuchuluka kwa adsorption sikuwonjezekanso, ndipo mamolekyu owonjezerawa ali mu yankho mwachisawawa. m'njira kapena mwachizolowezi. Onse machitidwe ndi malingaliro amasonyeza kuti amapanga mayanjano mu njira yothetsera, ndipo mayanjanowa amatchedwa micelles.
Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC): Kuchulukira kochepa komwe ma surfactants amapanga micelles mu yankho kumatchedwa critical micelle concentration.
④ Makhalidwe a CMC azinthu zomwe wamba.
HLB ndi chidule cha hydrophile lipophile balance, yomwe imasonyeza hydrophilic ndi lipophilic balance ya hydrophilic ndi lipophilic magulu a surfactant, mwachitsanzo, mtengo wa HLB wa surfactant. Mtengo waukulu wa HLB umasonyeza molekyu yokhala ndi hydrophilicity yamphamvu ndi lipophilicity yofooka; m'malo mwake, amphamvu lipophilicity ndi ofooka hydrophilicity.
① Zopereka zamtengo wa HLB
Mtengo wa HLB ndi mtengo wachibale, kotero pamene mtengo wa HLB ukupangidwa, monga muyezo, mtengo wa HLB wa sera ya parafini, yomwe ilibe mphamvu ya hydrophilic, imatchulidwa kuti ndi 0, pamene mtengo wa HLB wa sodium dodecyl sulfate, womwe ndi zambiri zosungunuka m'madzi, ndi 40. Choncho, mtengo wa HLB wa surfactants nthawi zambiri umakhala pakati pa 1 mpaka 40. Kawirikawiri, ma emulsifiers omwe ali ndi ma HLB osachepera 10 ndi lipophilic, pamene oposa 10 ndi hydrophilic. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kuchokera ku lipophilic kupita ku hydrophilic ndi pafupifupi 10.
Kutengera ndi kuchuluka kwa ma surfactants a HLB, lingaliro lazambiri la momwe angagwiritsire ntchito atha kupezeka, monga momwe tawonetsera mu Gulu 1-3.
Zamadzimadzi ziwiri zosasungunuka, zomwe zimamwazikana zina monga ma particles (madontho kapena makhiristo amadzimadzi) amapanga dongosolo lotchedwa emulsion. Dongosolo ili ndi thermodynamically wosakhazikika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malire m'dera la zakumwa ziwiri pamene emulsion aumbike. Pofuna kuti emulsion ikhale yokhazikika, m'pofunika kuwonjezera gawo lachitatu - emulsifier kuti muchepetse mphamvu ya interfacial ya dongosolo. Emulsifier ndi ya surfactant, ntchito yake yayikulu ndikutenga gawo la emulsion. The gawo la emulsion amene alipo monga m'malovu amatchedwa omwazika gawo (kapena mkati gawo, discontinuous gawo), ndi gawo lina kuti olumikizidwa pamodzi amatchedwa kubalalitsidwa sing'anga (kapena kunja gawo, mosalekeza gawo).
① Ma emulsifiers ndi ma emulsion
Common emulsions, gawo limodzi ndi madzi kapena amadzimadzi njira, gawo lina ndi organic zinthu osati miscible ndi madzi, monga mafuta, sera, etc. The emulsion opangidwa ndi madzi ndi mafuta akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu iwiri malinga ndi kubalalitsidwa kwawo zinthu: mafuta. omwazika m'madzi kupanga mafuta-mu-madzi mtundu emulsion, anasonyeza monga O/W (mafuta/madzi): madzi omwazikana mu mafuta kupanga mafuta-mu-madzi mtundu emulsion, anasonyeza monga W/O (madzi/mafuta). Mitundu yovuta yamadzi-mu-mafuta-mu-madzi W / O / W ndi mafuta-mu-madzi-mu-mafuta O / W / O mtundu wa ma emulsion ambiri angapangidwenso.
Ma emulsifiers amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti akhazikitse ma emulsions pochepetsa kupsinjika kwapakati pa nkhope ndikupanga nembanemba yamtundu umodzi wa molekyulu.
Mu emulsification ya emulsifier zofunika:
a: The emulsifier ayenera kukhala adsorb kapena kulemeretsa mawonekedwe pakati pa magawo awiri, kotero kuti kusagwirizana kwapakati kumachepetsedwa;
b: The emulsifier ayenera kupereka particles kwa mlandu, kuti electrostatic repulsion pakati particles, kapena kupanga khola, kwambiri viscous zoteteza nembanemba kuzungulira particles.
Chifukwa chake, chinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati emulsifier chiyenera kukhala ndi magulu a amphiphilic kuti apange emulsify, ndipo ma surfactants amatha kukwaniritsa izi.
② Kukonzekera njira za emulsion ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kukhazikika kwa emulsion
Pali njira ziwiri zokonzekera emulsions: imodzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira kumwaza madzi mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono mumadzi ena, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani pokonzekera emulsions; china ndi kusungunula madzi mu maselo boma mu madzi ena, ndiyeno kuwasonkhanitsa bwino kupanga emulsions.
Kukhazikika kwa emulsion ndiko kuthekera kotsutsana ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambitsa kupatukana. Emulsions ndi machitidwe osakhazikika a thermodynamically okhala ndi mphamvu zazikulu zaulere. Choncho, zomwe zimatchedwa kukhazikika kwa emulsion kwenikweni ndi nthawi yofunikira kuti dongosolo lifike pamtunda, mwachitsanzo, nthawi yofunikira kuti kulekanitsa chimodzi mwa zakumwa zamadzimadzi mu dongosolo kuti zichitike.
Pamene interfacial nembanemba ndi mafuta alcohols, mafuta zidulo ndi mafuta amines ndi zina polar organic mamolekyulu, nembanemba mphamvu kwambiri apamwamba. Ichi ndi chifukwa, mu interfacial adsorption wosanjikiza wa mamolekyu emulsifier ndi alcohols, zidulo ndi ma amines ndi mamolekyu ena polar kupanga "zovuta", kotero kuti interfacial nembanemba mphamvu kuchuluka.
Ma emulsifiers opangidwa ndi ma surfactants opitilira awiri amatchedwa emulsifiers osakanikirana. Wosakaniza emulsifier adsorbed pa madzi / mafuta mawonekedwe; zochita za intermolecular zimatha kupanga zovuta. Chifukwa champhamvu ya intermolecular kanthu, kusagwirizana kwapakati kumachepetsedwa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa emulsifier komwe kumapangidwira kumawonjezeka kwambiri, mapangidwe a interfacial membrane kachulukidwe amawonjezeka, mphamvu zimawonjezeka.
Mlandu wa mikanda yamadzimadzi umakhudza kwambiri kukhazikika kwa emulsion. Khola emulsions, amene madzi mikanda zambiri mlandu. Pamene ionic emulsifier ntchito, ndi emulsifier ion adsorbed pa mawonekedwe ali lipophilic gulu anaikapo mu gawo mafuta ndi gulu hydrophilic ndi madzi gawo, motero kupanga madzi mikanda mlandu. Monga emulsion mikanda ndi mlandu womwewo, iwo kuthamangitsana wina ndi mzake, si kophweka agglomerate, kotero kuti bata ndi kuchuluka. Zitha kuwoneka kuti ma ion a emulsifier adsorbed pa mikanda, ndiye kuti amawongolera kwambiri, amatha kuteteza mikanda kuti isagwirizane, ndikukhazikika kwa dongosolo la emulsion.
The mamasukidwe akayendedwe a emulsion kupezeka sing'anga ali ndi chikoka pa bata la emulsion. Nthawi zambiri, kukhathamira kwamphamvu kwa sing'anga yobalalika kumapangitsa kukhazikika kwa emulsion. Ichi ndi chifukwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe a sing'anga kumwazikana ndi lalikulu, amene ali ndi mphamvu pa kayendedwe ka Brownian wa madzi mikanda ndi kubweza kugunda pakati pa madzi mikanda, kotero kuti dongosolo kukhala wokhazikika. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu za polima zomwe zimatha kusungunuka mu emulsions zimatha kuwonjezera kukhuthala kwa dongosolo ndikupangitsa kukhazikika kwa emulsions kukhala apamwamba. Kuphatikiza apo, ma polima amathanso kupanga nembanemba yolimba yamkati, kupangitsa kuti dongosolo la emulsion likhale lokhazikika.
Nthawi zina, kuwonjezera ufa wolimba kungapangitsenso kuti emulsion ikhale yokhazikika. Ufa wolimba uli m'madzi, mafuta kapena mawonekedwe, malingana ndi mafuta, madzi pa mphamvu yonyowetsa ya ufa wolimba, ngati ufa wolimba suli wonyowa kwathunthu ndi madzi, komanso wonyowa ndi mafuta, udzakhalabe pamadzi ndi mafuta. mawonekedwe.
Ufa wolimba sumapangitsa kuti emulsion ikhale yolimba chifukwa ufa womwe umasonkhanitsidwa pamawonekedwewo umapangitsa kuti khungu liziyenda bwino, lomwe ndi lofanana ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa mamolekyu a emulsifier, kotero kuti zinthu zolimba za ufa zimakonzedwa pa mawonekedwe, zimakhala zokhazikika kwambiri. emulsion ndi.
Ma Surfactants amatha kuonjezera kwambiri kusungunuka kwa zinthu zomwe sizingasungunuke kapena kusungunuka pang'ono m'madzi pambuyo popanga micelles mu njira yamadzimadzi, ndipo yankho likuwonekera panthawiyi. Zotsatira za micelle zimatchedwa solubilization. The surfactant yomwe imatha kupanga solubilization imatchedwa solubilizer, ndipo organic matter yomwe imasungunuka imatchedwa solubilized matter.
Chithovu chimagwira ntchito yofunikira pakutsuka. Chithovu ndi njira yobalalitsira yomwe gasi imamwazikana mumadzimadzi kapena olimba, ndi gasi ngati gawo lobalalika ndi madzi kapena olimba monga sing'anga yobalalitsira, yomwe kale imatchedwa thovu lamadzi, pomwe chomalizacho chimatchedwa thovu lolimba, motero. monga pulasitiki thovu, galasi thovu, thovu simenti etc.
(1) Kupanga thovu
Ndi chithovu tikutanthauza apa aggregate wa mpweya thovu wolekanitsidwa ndi nembanemba madzi. Mtundu uwu wa kuwira nthawi zonse limatuluka mwamsanga kwa madzi pamwamba chifukwa chachikulu kusiyana kachulukidwe pakati omwazika gawo (gasi) ndi kupezeka sing'anga (zamadzimadzi), pamodzi ndi otsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe a madzi.
Njira yopangira kuwira ndikubweretsa mpweya wambiri mumadzimadzi, ndipo thovu lamadzimadzi limabwereranso pamwamba, ndikupanga kuphatikiza kwa thovu lolekanitsidwa ndi mpweya wochepa wamadzimadzi.
Chithovu chili ndi mikhalidwe iwiri yofunika kwambiri potengera mawonekedwe a morphology: imodzi ndi yakuti thovu ngati gawo lomwazika nthawi zambiri limakhala la polyhedral mu mawonekedwe, izi ndichifukwa choti pamzere wa thovu, filimu yamadzimadzi imakhala yopyapyala kotero kuti thovulo limakhala losalala. polyhedral, pamene filimu yamadzimadzi imachepa kwambiri, imatsogolera kuphulika; chachiwiri ndi chakuti zakumwa zoyera sizingapange thovu lokhazikika, madzi omwe amatha kupanga thovu ndi zigawo ziwiri kapena zambiri. Mayankho amadzimadzi a ma surfactants amafanana ndi machitidwe omwe amakonda kupanga thovu, ndipo kuthekera kwawo kotulutsa thovu kumakhudzananso ndi zinthu zina.
Ma surfactants omwe ali ndi mphamvu yabwino yotulutsa thovu amatchedwa opangira thovu. Ngakhale thovu wothandizila ndi zabwino thovu luso, koma thovu anapanga sangathe kukhalabe kwa nthawi yaitali, ndiye kukhazikika kwake si zabwino kwenikweni. Pofuna kusunga bata la thovu, nthawi zambiri mu thovu wothandizila kuwonjezera zinthu kuonjezera bata la thovu, zinthu amatchedwa thovu stabilizer, ambiri ntchito stabilizer ndi lauryl diethanolamine ndi dodecyl dimethylamine okusayidi.
(2) Kukhazikika kwa thovu
Foam ndi dongosolo losakhazikika la thermodynamically ndipo chomaliza ndi chakuti malo onse amadzimadzi mkati mwa dongosolo amachepa pambuyo poti kuwira kwasweka ndipo mphamvu yaulere imachepa. The defoaming process ndi njira yomwe nembanemba yamadzi yomwe imalekanitsa mpweya imakhala yokhuthala komanso yocheperako mpaka itasweka. Choncho, mlingo wa bata la thovu makamaka anatsimikiza ndi liwiro la kumaliseche madzi ndi mphamvu ya madzi filimu. Zinthu zotsatirazi zimakhudzanso izi.
(3) Kuwononga thovu
Mfundo yaikulu ya chiwonongeko cha chithovu ndikusintha zinthu zomwe zimatulutsa thovu kapena kuchotsa zinthu zokhazikika za thovu, motero pali njira zonse zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala zowononga.
Thupi defoaming kumatanthauza kusintha zinthu chithovu kupanga pamene kukhalabe mankhwala zikuchokera chithovu njira, monga kunja chisokonezo, kusintha kutentha kapena kuthamanga ndi akupanga mankhwala onse ogwira thupi njira kuthetsa thovu.
Njira yowonongeka kwa mankhwala ndi kuwonjezera zinthu zina kuti zigwirizane ndi wotulutsa thovu kuti achepetse mphamvu ya filimu yamadzimadzi mu chithovu ndipo potero kuchepetsa kukhazikika kwa thovu kuti akwaniritse cholinga chotsitsa, zinthu zoterezi zimatchedwa defoamers. Ambiri mwa ma defoamers ndi ma surfactants. Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi momwe amapangira defoaming, defoamer iyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yochepetsera kugwedezeka kwapamtunda, kosavuta kuyitanitsa pamtunda, ndipo kuyanjana pakati pa mamolekyu amtundu wa adsorption kumakhala kofooka, mamolekyu adsorption amakonzedwa momasuka kwambiri.
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya defoamer, koma kwenikweni, onse ndi osagwiritsa ntchito ionic. Ma surfactants osagwiritsa ntchito ma ionic ali ndi zinthu zotsutsana ndi thovu pafupi kapena pamwamba pa mtambo wawo ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma defoam. Mowa, makamaka mowa wokhala ndi nthambi, mafuta acids ndi mafuta acid esters, polyamides, phosphate esters, mafuta a silicone, ndi zina zotero amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri ngati defoamers abwino kwambiri.
(4) Kuchita thovu ndi kuchapa
Palibe kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa thovu ndi kutsuka bwino komanso kuchuluka kwa chithovu sikumasonyeza mphamvu ya kusamba. Mwachitsanzo, ma nonionic surfactants ali ndi zinthu zochepa zotulutsa thovu kuposa sopo, koma kuwononga kwawo kuli bwino kuposa sopo.
Nthawi zina, thovu limatha kukhala lothandiza pochotsa litsiro ndi zinyalala. Mwachitsanzo, potsuka mbale m’nyumba, thovu la chotsukiracho limanyamula madontho amafuta ndipo pokolopa makapeti, thovulo limathandiza kutolera fumbi, ufa ndi dothi lina lolimba. Kuphatikiza apo, thovu nthawi zina lingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chisonyezero cha mphamvu ya detergent. Chifukwa mafuta amafuta amalepheretsa thovu la detergent, pakakhala mafuta ochulukirapo komanso chotsukira chochepa kwambiri, palibe chithovu chomwe chidzapangidwe kapena chithovu choyambirira chidzatha. Chithovu nthawi zina chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chizindikiro cha ukhondo wa kutsuka, monga kuchuluka kwa chithovu mumtsuko wotsukira kumachepa ndi kuchepa kwa detergent, kotero kuchuluka kwa thovu kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyesa mlingo wa kutsuka.
M’lingaliro lalikulu, kutsuka ndi njira yochotsera zinthu zosafunikira pa chinthu chimene chiyenera kutsukidwa ndi kukwaniritsa cholinga china. Kusamba m'njira yodziwika bwino kumatanthauza njira yochotsera dothi pamwamba pa chonyamuliracho. Pakutsuka, kuyanjana pakati pa dothi ndi chonyamulira kumafowoka kapena kuthetsedwa ndi zochita za mankhwala ena (mwachitsanzo, detergent, etc.), kotero kuti kuphatikiza kwa dothi ndi chonyamulira kumasinthidwa kukhala kuphatikiza kwa dothi ndi zotsukira, ndi potsiriza litsiro limalekanitsidwa ndi chonyamulira. Monga zinthu zomwe ziyenera kutsukidwa ndi dothi kuti zichotsedwe ndizosiyana, kutsuka ndi njira yovuta kwambiri ndipo ndondomeko yoyamba yotsuka ikhoza kuwonetsedwa mu maubwenzi osavuta otsatirawa.
Carrie··Dothi + Detergent= Chonyamulira + Dothi · Chotsukira
Njira yotsuka nthawi zambiri imatha kugawidwa m'magawo awiri: choyamba, pansi pa ntchito ya detergent, dothi limalekanitsidwa ndi chonyamulira chake; kachiwiri, dothi lotsekedwa limamwazikana ndikuimitsidwa pakati. Njira yotsuka ndi njira yosinthika ndipo dothi lomwazikana ndi kuyimitsidwa pakatikati likhoza kubwerezedwanso kuchokera pakatikati kupita ku chinthu chomwe chikutsukidwa. Chifukwa chake, chotsukira chabwino chiyenera kukhala ndi kuthekera kobalalitsa ndikuyimitsa dothi ndikuletsa kubwezeretsedwa kwa dothi, kuwonjezera pa kuthekera kochotsa dothi kwa chonyamulira.
(1) Mitundu yautsi
Ngakhale chinthu chomwecho, mtundu, kapangidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa dothi zimatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Dothi la m'thupi lamafuta limakhala makamaka lamafuta anyama ndi masamba ndi mafuta amchere (monga mafuta osapsa, mafuta amafuta, phula lamalasha, ndi zina zotero), dothi lolimba limakhala makamaka mwaye, phulusa, dzimbiri, wakuda wa kaboni, ndi zina zambiri. pali zonyansa zochokera m'thupi la munthu, monga thukuta, sebum, magazi, ndi zina zotero; dothi lazakudya, monga madontho a zipatso, madontho amafuta ophikira, madontho a condiment, wowuma, ndi zina zotero; dothi lochokera ku zodzoladzola, monga milomo, kupukuta misomali, ndi zina zotero; dothi lochokera mumlengalenga, monga mwaye, fumbi, matope, ndi zina zotero; zina, monga inki, tiyi, zokutira, ndi zina zotero. Zimabwera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya litsiro nthawi zambiri imatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: dothi lolimba, dothi lamadzimadzi ndi dothi lapadera.
① Dothi lolimba
Dothi lolimba lokhazikika limaphatikizapo phulusa, matope, nthaka, dzimbiri ndi wakuda wa carbon. Zambiri mwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'onoting'ono timakhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi pamtunda wawo, ambiri aiwo ndi olakwika ndipo amatha kutsatsa mosavuta pazinthu za fiber. Dothi lolimba nthawi zambiri limavuta kusungunuka m'madzi, koma limatha kumwazikana ndikuyimitsidwa ndi zotsukira. Dothi lolimba lokhala ndi nsonga yaying'ono ndilovuta kuchotsa.
② Dothi lamadzimadzi
Dothi lamadzimadzi nthawi zambiri limasungunuka ndi mafuta, kuphatikiza mafuta a zomera ndi nyama, mafuta acids, mowa wamafuta, mafuta amchere ndi ma oxides awo. Pakati pawo, zomera ndi nyama mafuta, mafuta zidulo ndi alkali saponification akhoza kuchitika, pamene mafuta alcohols, mafuta mchere si saponified ndi zamchere, koma akhoza sungunuka mu alcohols, ethers ndi hydrocarbon solvents organic, ndi detergent madzi njira emulsification ndi kubalalitsidwa. Dothi lamadzi losungunuka ndi mafuta nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi mphamvu yamphamvu yokhala ndi zinthu za ulusi, ndipo limakhala lokhazikika kwambiri pa ulusi.
③ Dothi lapadera
Dothi lapadera limaphatikizapo mapuloteni, wowuma, magazi, zotsekemera za anthu monga thukuta, sebum, mkodzo ndi madzi a zipatso ndi madzi a tiyi. Dothi lamtundu uwu limatha kukhala ndi mankhwala komanso kutsatsa kwambiri pazinthu za fiber. Choncho, n'zovuta kusamba.
Zinyalala zamitundumitundu sizipezeka zokha, koma nthawi zambiri zimasakanizidwa pamodzi ndikumangirira pa chinthucho. Dothi nthawi zina limatha kukhala oxidized, kuwola kapena kuwonongeka pansi pa zikoka zakunja, motero kumapanga dothi latsopano.
(2) Kumanga kwa dothi
Zovala, manja ndi zina zotero zimatha kuipitsidwa chifukwa pali mtundu wina wa mgwirizano pakati pa chinthucho ndi dothi. Dothi limamatira ku zinthu m'njira zosiyanasiyana, koma palibenso zowonjezera zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala.
①Kumamatira kwa mwaye, fumbi, matope, mchenga ndi makala kuzivala ndikumatira. Nthawi zambiri, kudzera mu kumamatira kwa dothi, ndipo gawo lapakati pa chinthu chodetsedwa ndi lofooka, kuchotsa litsiro ndikosavuta. Malinga ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, kumatira kwadothi kumatha kugawidwa kukhala makina omatira ndi ma electrostatic adhesion.
A: Kumamatira pamakina
Kumatira kwamtunduwu kumatanthawuza kumamatira kwa dothi lolimba (mwachitsanzo, fumbi, matope ndi mchenga). Kumata kwamakina ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yofooka yolumikizira dothi ndipo imatha kuchotsedwa pafupifupi ndi njira zamakina, koma dothi likakhala laling'ono (<0.1um), zimakhala zovuta kuchotsa.
B: Electrostatic adhesion
Electrostatic adhesion makamaka akuwonetseredwa mu kuchitapo kanthu dothi particles pa oppositely mlandu zinthu. Zinthu zambiri za fibrous zimayikidwa molakwika m'madzi ndipo zimatha kutsatiridwa mosavuta ndi dothi lokhala ndi mpweya wabwino, monga mitundu ya laimu. Dothi lina, ngakhale loyipitsidwa moyipa, monga tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta kaboni m'madzi amadzimadzi, ting'onoting'ono timamatira ku ulusi kudzera m'milatho ya ayoni (mayoni pakati pa zinthu zingapo zopingasa, zomwe zimagwira nawo ntchito ngati mlatho) zopangidwa ndi ayoni abwino m'madzi (mwachitsanzo. , Ca2+, Mg2+ etc.).
Electrostatic action ndi yamphamvu kuposa mawotchi osavuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchotsa dothi kukhala kovuta.
② Kumanga kwa mankhwala
Kumatira kwa Chemical kumatanthauza kuchitika kwa dothi lomwe limagwira pa chinthu kudzera m'magulu amankhwala kapena haidrojeni. Mwachitsanzo, polar olimba dothi, mapuloteni, dzimbiri ndi adhesion zina pa zinthu CHIKWANGWANI, ulusi muli carboxyl, hydroxyl, amide ndi magulu ena, magulu awa ndi mafuta dothi mafuta zidulo, mowa mowa n'zosavuta kupanga hydrogen zomangira. Mphamvu zamagetsi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zamphamvu ndipo dothi limamangiriridwa kwambiri ku chinthucho. Dothi lamtunduwu ndizovuta kuchotsa ndi njira zachizolowezi ndipo zimafuna njira zapadera zothana nazo.
Mlingo wa kumamatira kwa dothi umagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha dothi lokha komanso chikhalidwe cha chinthu chomwe chimatsatiridwa. Nthawi zambiri, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timamatira mosavuta ku zinthu za fibrous. Kapangidwe kakang'ono ka dothi lolimba, kumamatira kwamphamvu. Dothi la polar pa zinthu za hydrophilic monga thonje ndi magalasi amamatira mwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa dothi lopanda polar. Dothi lopanda polar limamatira mwamphamvu kuposa dothi la polar, monga mafuta a polar, fumbi ndi dongo, ndipo silosavuta kuchotsa ndi kuyeretsa.
(3) Njira yochotsera dothi
Cholinga cha kusamba ndikuchotsa litsiro. Pakatikati pa kutentha kwina (makamaka madzi). Kugwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana thupi ndi mankhwala zotsatira za detergent kufooketsa kapena kuthetsa zotsatira za dothi ndi otsukidwa zinthu, pansi pa zochita za mphamvu zina zamakina (monga kupaka manja, ochapira mukubwadamuka, kukhudza madzi), kuti dothi ndi osambitsidwa zinthu. kuchokera ku cholinga cha decontamination.
① Njira yochotsera zinyalala zamadzimadzi
A: Kunyowa
Dothi lamadzimadzi nthawi zambiri limapangidwa ndi mafuta. Mafuta amadetsa amanyowetsa zinthu zokhala ndi ulusi wambiri ndipo amafalikira mocheperapo ngati filimu yamafuta pamwamba pa zinthu za ulusi. Gawo loyamba pakutsuka ndikunyowetsa pamwamba ndi madzi ochapira. Kuti tifotokoze fanizo, pamwamba pa ulusi tingaone ngati malo osalala olimba.
B: Kuyika kwamafuta - makina opiringa
Gawo lachiwiri pakutsuka ndikuchotsa mafuta ndi mafuta, kuchotsa dothi lamadzimadzi kumatheka ndi mtundu wa kupopera. Dothi lamadzimadzi lidalipo pamtunda ngati mawonekedwe a filimu yofalitsa mafuta, ndipo pansi pa kunyowetsa koyenera kwa madzi ochapira pamadzi olimba (ie, pamwamba pa fiber), amapindika kukhala mikanda yamafuta sitepe ndi sitepe. adasinthidwa ndi madzi ochapira ndipo pamapeto pake adasiya pamwamba pansi pa mphamvu zina zakunja.
② Njira yochotsera dothi lolimba
Kuchotsa dothi lamadzimadzi makamaka kudzera pakunyowetsa kosankhidwa kwa chonyamulira dothi ndi njira yotsuka, pomwe njira yochotsera dothi lolimba ndi yosiyana, pomwe njira yotsuka imakhudza kwambiri kunyowetsa kwa dothi misa ndi chonyamulira pamwamba pake ndi kutsuka. yankho. Chifukwa cha kutsekemera kwa ma surfactants pa dothi lolimba ndi chonyamulira pamwamba pake, kuyanjana pakati pa dothi ndi pamwamba kumachepetsedwa ndipo mphamvu yomatira ya dothi pamtunda imachepetsedwa, motero misa yadothi imachotsedwa mosavuta kuchokera pamwamba pa nthaka. chonyamulira.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma adsorption of surfactants, makamaka ma ionic surfactants, pamwamba pa dothi lolimba ndi chonyamulira chake amatha kukulitsa kuthekera kwapamtunda pamtunda wa dothi lolimba ndi chonyamulira chake, chomwe chimathandiza kwambiri kuchotsa dothi. Pamalo olimba kapena nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma fibrous omwe amathiridwa molakwika mu media media ndipo amatha kupanga magawo awiri amagetsi pazambiri zadothi kapena pamalo olimba. Chifukwa repulsion wa milandu homogeneous, ndi adhesion wa dothi particles m'madzi olimba pamwamba ndi wofooka. Pamene anionic surfactant ikuwonjezedwa, chifukwa imatha kuonjezera mphamvu zowonongeka pamtunda wa tinthu tating'ono ndi malo olimba, kuthamangitsidwa pakati pawo kumawonjezereka, mphamvu yomatira ya tinthu imachepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo dothi ndilosavuta kuchotsa. .
Non-ayoni surfactants ndi adsorbed pa ambiri mlandu olimba pamalo ndipo ngakhale sasintha kwambiri kuthekera interfacial, ndi adsorbed sanali ionic surfactants amakonda kupanga makulidwe ena a adsorbed wosanjikiza pamwamba amene amathandiza kupewa redeposition wa dothi.
Pankhani ya cationic surfactants, kutsatsa kwawo kumachepetsa kapena kumachepetsa mphamvu yoyipa yamtundu wa dothi ndi gawo lake lonyamulira, zomwe zimachepetsa kunyansidwa pakati pa dothi ndi pamwamba ndipo sizithandiza kuchotsa dothi; Kuonjezera apo, pambuyo poti ma adsorption pamtunda olimba, ma cationic surfactants amatha kutembenuza malo olimba a hydrophobic motero samathandizira kunyowetsa pamwamba kotero kuti amatsuka.
③ Kuchotsa dothi lapadera
Mapuloteni, wowuma, zotsekemera za anthu, madzi a zipatso, madzi a tiyi ndi zinyalala zina zotere zimakhala zovuta kuchotsa ndi ma surfactants wamba ndipo zimafunikira chithandizo chapadera.
Madontho a mapuloteni monga zonona, mazira, magazi, mkaka ndi chimbudzi chapakhungu amaumirira pa ulusi ndi kuwonongeka ndipo amamatira mwamphamvu. Kudetsa kwa mapuloteni kumatha kuchotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma protease. Ma enzyme protease amaphwanya mapuloteni mu dothi kukhala ma amino acid osungunuka m'madzi kapena oligopeptides.
Wowuma Madontho makamaka amachokera ku zakudya, zina monga gravy, guluu etc. Amylase ali chothandizira kwambiri hydrolysis wa wowuma madontho, kuchititsa wowuma kusweka mu shuga.
Lipase imathandizira kuwonongeka kwa triglycerides, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuchotsa ndi njira zabwinobwino, monga sebum ndi mafuta odyedwa, ndikuziphwanya kukhala glycerol wosungunuka ndi mafuta acid.
Madontho ena achikuda kuchokera ku timadziti ta zipatso, timadziti ta tiyi, inki, milomo ndi zina zotero nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuyeretsa bwinobwino ngakhale mutatsuka mobwerezabwereza. Madonthowa amatha kuchotsedwa ndi redox reaction ndi oxidizing kapena kuchepetsa wothandizila monga bleach, zomwe zimawononga mapangidwe a mitundu yopangira mitundu kapena magulu othandizira mitundu ndikuwasokoneza kukhala zigawo zing'onozing'ono zosungunuka m'madzi.
(4) Njira yochotsera madontho pakuyeretsa kowuma
Zomwe zili pamwambazi ndi zamadzi ngati njira yochapira. M'malo mwake, chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zovala ndi kapangidwe kake, zovala zina zotsuka m'madzi sizili bwino kapena sizili zophweka kuchapa, zovala zina zikatha kuchapa komanso kupindika, kuzimiririka, etc., mwachitsanzo: ulusi wambiri wachilengedwe umatenga madzi ndipo zosavuta kutupa, ndi zowuma ndi zosavuta kuchepetsa, kotero pambuyo kutsuka adzakhala opunduka; ndi kutsuka zinthu zaubweya komanso nthawi zambiri kuoneka shrinkage chodabwitsa, mankhwala ena mapeyala ndi kutsuka madzi ndi zosavuta pilling, mtundu kusintha; Nsalu za silika zina m'manja zimayamba kuipiraipira mukatsuka ndikutaya kukongola kwake. Kwa zovala izi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira yowuma-yowuma kuti awononge. Zomwe zimatchedwa kuyeretsa kowuma nthawi zambiri zimatanthawuza njira yotsuka mu zosungunulira za organic, makamaka mu zosungunulira zopanda polar.
Kuchapira kowuma ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yochapira kuposa kutsuka madzi. Chifukwa kuyeretsa kowuma sikufuna zambiri zamakina, sikumayambitsa kuwonongeka, makwinya ndi kupindika kwa zovala, pomwe zoyeretsa zowuma, mosiyana ndi madzi, sizimatulutsa kukulitsa ndi kutsika. Malingana ngati teknoloji ikugwiridwa bwino, zovala zimatha kutsukidwa popanda kusokoneza, kutayika kwa mtundu komanso moyo wautali wautumiki.
Pankhani yoyeretsa youma, pali mitundu itatu yotakata ya dothi.
① Dothi losungunuka mafuta Mafuta osungunuka amaphatikizapo mafuta amtundu uliwonse ndi mafuta, omwe ndi amadzimadzi kapena amafuta ndipo amatha kusungunuka muzosungunulira zowuma.
②Dothi losungunuka m'madzi limasungunuka munjira zamadzimadzi, koma osati m'madzi oyeretsera, limakongoletsedwa ndi zovala pamalo amadzi, madzi amasanduka nthunzi pambuyo pa mvula yazambiri zolimba, monga mchere wa inorganic, wowuma, mapuloteni, ndi zina zambiri.
③ Mafuta ndi dothi losasungunuka lamadzi Mafuta ndi dothi losasungunuka m'madzi sizisungunuka m'madzi kapena kusungunuka muzosungunulira zouma, monga kaboni wakuda, ma silicate azitsulo zosiyanasiyana ndi ma oxides, ndi zina zambiri.
Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dothi, pali njira zosiyanasiyana zochotsera dothi muzitsulo zowuma. Dothi losungunuka ndi mafuta, monga mafuta a nyama ndi masamba, mafuta amchere ndi mafuta, amasungunuka mosavuta mu zosungunulira za organic ndipo amatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta poyeretsa. Kusungunuka kwabwino kwa zosungunulira zotsukira mafuta ndi mafuta kumachokera ku mphamvu za van der Walls pakati pa mamolekyu.
Kuchotsa dothi losungunuka m'madzi monga mchere wa inorganic, shuga, mapuloteni ndi thukuta, madzi okwanira ayenera kuwonjezeredwa ku chotsukira chowuma, mwinamwake dothi losungunuka m'madzi ndilovuta kuchotsa zovala. Komabe, madzi ndi ovuta kusungunuka muzitsulo zowuma, kotero kuti muonjezere madzi, muyeneranso kuwonjezera zowonjezera. Kukhalapo kwa madzi muzitsulo zotsukira zowuma kungapangitse pamwamba pa dothi ndi zovala kukhala hydrated, kotero kuti zimakhala zosavuta kuyanjana ndi magulu a polar a surfactants, omwe amathandiza kuti adsorption a surfactants pamwamba. Kuonjezera apo, pamene ma surfactants apanga micelles, dothi losungunuka m'madzi ndi madzi zimatha kusungunuka mu micelles. Kuphatikiza pa kuchulukitsa kwamadzi muzosungunulira zotsukira zowuma, zosungunulira zimathanso kuchitapo kanthu poletsa kuyikanso dothi kuti zisawonongeke.
Kukhalapo kwa madzi pang'ono ndikofunikira kuti muchotse dothi losungunuka madzi, koma madzi ochulukirapo angayambitse kupotoza ndi makwinya mu zovala zina, kotero kuchuluka kwa madzi muzoyeretsa zouma kuyenera kukhala kocheperako.
Dothi lomwe silisungunuka m'madzi kapena kusungunuka mafuta, tinthu tating'ono tolimba ngati phulusa, matope, nthaka ndi mpweya wakuda, nthawi zambiri zimamangiriridwa ku chovalacho ndi mphamvu zamagetsi kapena kuphatikiza ndi mafuta. Mu kuyeretsa youma, otaya zosungunulira, zimakhudza akhoza kupanga electrostatic mphamvu adsorption dothi, ndi youma kuyeretsa wothandizila akhoza kupasuka mafuta, kotero kuti kuphatikiza mafuta ndi dothi ndi Ufumuyo ndi zovala zolimba particles kuchoka mu youma. -kutsuka wothandizila, youma kuyeretsa wothandizila mu madzi pang'ono ndi surfactants, kuti anthu pa olimba dothi particles kukhala khola kuyimitsidwa, kubalalitsidwa, kuteteza ake kachiwiri mafunsidwe kuti zovala.
(5) Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kutsuka
Kuwongolera kolowera kwa ma surfactants pamawonekedwe ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa kugwedezeka kwapamtunda (interfacial) ndizinthu zazikulu pakuchotsa dothi lamadzi kapena lolimba. Komabe, kuchapa kumakhala kovuta ndipo zotsatira zake zotsuka, ngakhale ndi mtundu womwewo wa detergent, umakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zina zambiri. Zinthu izi zimaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa zotsukira, kutentha, chikhalidwe cha dothi, mtundu wa fiber ndi kapangidwe ka nsalu.
① Kukhazikika kwamphamvu
Ma micelles a ma surfactants mu yankho amagwira ntchito yofunika pakutsuka. Pamene ndende ifika pa ndende yovuta ya micelle (CMC), kuchapa kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Choncho, kuchuluka kwa zotsukira mu zosungunulira ziyenera kukhala zapamwamba kuposa mtengo wa CMC kuti zikhale ndi zotsatira zabwino zotsuka. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa surfactant kukakhala kokwera kuposa mtengo wa CMC, kuwonjezereka kochapira sikudziwika ndipo sikofunikira kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa surfactant kwambiri.
Mukachotsa mafuta ndi solubilization, mphamvu ya solubilization imawonjezeka ndikuwonjezeka kwa surfactant, ngakhale ndende ikakhala pamwamba pa CMC. Panthawi imeneyi, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zotsukira m'dera lapakati. Mwachitsanzo, ngati pali dothi lambiri pa ma cuffs ndi kolala ya chovala, chotsukira chotsuka chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pakutsuka kuti chiwonjezeke mphamvu ya surfactant pamafuta.
②Kutentha kumakhudza kwambiri ntchito yochotsa matenda. Nthawi zambiri, kuwonjezera kutentha kumathandizira kuchotsa dothi, koma nthawi zina kutentha kwambiri kungayambitsenso zovuta.
Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kumathandizira kufalikira kwa dothi, mafuta olimba amapangidwa mosavuta pa kutentha pamwamba pa malo ake osungunuka ndipo ulusi umawonjezeka kutupa chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha, zonse zomwe zimathandizira kuchotsa dothi. Komabe, kwa nsalu zophatikizika, ma microgaps pakati pa ulusiwo amachepetsedwa pamene ulusiwo ukukula, zomwe zimawononga kuchotsa dothi.
Kusintha kwa kutentha kumakhudzanso kusungunuka, mtengo wa CMC ndi kukula kwa micelle ya ma surfactants, motero zimakhudza kuchapa. Kusungunuka kwa ma surfactants okhala ndi unyolo wautali wa kaboni kumakhala kotsika pakutentha kotsika ndipo nthawi zina kusungunuka kumakhala kotsika kuposa mtengo wa CMC, kotero kutentha kochapira kuyenera kukwezedwa moyenera. Zotsatira za kutentha pamtengo wa CMC ndi kukula kwa micelle ndizosiyana ndi ma surfactants a ionic ndi omwe si a ionic. Kwa ma ionic surfactants, kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kumawonjezera mtengo wa CMC ndikuchepetsa kukula kwa micelle, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa surfactant mu njira yochapira kuyenera kuchulukira. Kwa ma surfactants omwe si a ionic, kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa mtengo wa CMC komanso kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa voliyumu ya micelle, kotero n'zoonekeratu kuti kuwonjezeka koyenera kwa kutentha kungathandize kuti surfactant yomwe siionic igwiritse ntchito pamwamba pake. . Komabe, kutentha sikuyenera kupitirira mtambo wake.
Mwachidule, kutentha kwabwino kochapira kumadalira kapangidwe ka detergent ndi chinthu chomwe chikutsukidwa. Zotsukira zina zimakhala ndi zotsukira bwino kutentha kwa chipinda, pamene zina zimakhala ndi zotsukira zosiyana kwambiri pakati pa kuzizira ndi kutentha.
③ thovu
Ndichizoloŵezi chosokoneza mphamvu yotulutsa thovu ndi kuchapa, pokhulupirira kuti zotsukira zokhala ndi thovu zambiri zimakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino zotsuka. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti palibe mgwirizano wachindunji pakati pa kuchapa ndi kuchuluka kwa thovu. Mwachitsanzo, kutsuka ndi zotsukira thovu zochepa sikothandiza ngati kutsuka ndi zotsukira thovu.
Ngakhale kuti chithovu sichikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi kutsuka, pali nthawi zomwe zimathandiza kuchotsa dothi, mwachitsanzo, potsuka mbale ndi manja. Pokolopa makapeti, thovu limathanso kuchotsa fumbi ndi tinthu tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono, dothi la pamphasa limakhala ndi fumbi lalikulu, kotero othandizira oyeretsa makapeti ayenera kukhala ndi luso linalake lotulutsa thovu.
Mphamvu yotulutsa thovu ndiyofunikanso kwa ma shampoos, pomwe thovu labwino lomwe limapangidwa ndimadzimadzi panthawi yosamba kapena kusamba limasiya tsitsi kukhala lopaka mafuta komanso lomasuka.
④ Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ulusi ndi mawonekedwe a nsalu
Kuphatikiza pa kapangidwe kake ka ulusi, komwe kumakhudza kumamatira ndi kuchotsedwa kwa dothi, mawonekedwe a ulusi ndi bungwe la ulusi ndi nsalu zimakhudza mosavuta kuchotsa dothi.
Mamba a ulusi waubweya ndi nthiti zopindika zathyathyathya za ulusi wa thonje amatha kuunjika dothi kuposa ulusi wosalala. Mwachitsanzo, kaboni wakuda wodetsedwa pamakanema a cellulose (makanema a viscose) ndi osavuta kuchotsa, pomwe kaboni wakuda wothimbirira pansalu za thonje ndizovuta kutsuka. Chitsanzo china ndi chakuti nsalu zaulusi waufupi wopangidwa ndi poliyesitala zimakonda kuunjikira madontho amafuta kuposa nsalu zazitali zazitali, komanso madontho amafuta pansalu zaulusi waufupi amakhalanso ovuta kuchotsa kuposa madontho amafuta pansalu zaulusi wautali.
Ulusi wokhotakhota mwamphamvu ndi nsalu zolimba, chifukwa cha kusiyana kochepa pakati pa ulusi, zimatha kukana kuwukiridwa kwa dothi, koma zomwezo zimatha kuteteza madzi ochapira kuti asatengere dothi lamkati, kotero kuti nsalu zolimba zimayamba kukana dothi labwino, koma zitadetsedwa. kuchapa kulinso kovuta kwambiri.
⑤ Kuuma kwa madzi
Kuchuluka kwa Ca2+, Mg2+ ndi ayoni ena achitsulo m'madzi kumakhudza kwambiri kuchapa, makamaka pamene anionic surfactants akukumana ndi Ca2 + ndi Mg2 + ions kupanga mchere wa calcium ndi magnesium omwe sasungunuka kwambiri ndipo amachepetsa kutentha kwake. M'madzi olimba, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa surfactant ndikwambiri, detergency imakhala yoyipa kwambiri kuposa mu distillation. Kuti surfactant akhale ndi zotsatira zabwino zotsuka, kuchuluka kwa ma Ca2+ m'madzi kuyenera kuchepetsedwa kukhala 1 x 10-6 mol/L (CaCO3 mpaka 0.1 mg/L) kapena kuchepera. Izi zimafuna kuwonjezera zofewa zosiyanasiyana ku detergent.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-25-2022