Mphamvu ya Shrinkage ya kutalika kulikonse pamtunda wamadzimadzi amatchedwa kusokonezedwa, ndipo unit ndi n. · m-1.
Katundu wochepetsa nkhawa za zosungunulira amatchedwa kuti chikuchitika, ndipo chinthu chomwe chili ndi katunduyu chimatchedwa chinthu chogwira ntchito.
Zinthu zomwe zimagwira pazinthu zomwe zimatha kumangirira ma mamolekyulu am'madzi ndikupanga michere ndi mayanjano ena, ndikukhalanso ndi zonyowa, kutsuka, etc. amatchedwa orctictint.
Zogwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe ndi mawonekedwe apadera ndi katundu, zomwe zimatha kusintha zovuta zovuta pakati pa magawo awiri kapena madzi onyowa, ndikuthirira, kusamba, kuchapa ndi zina.
Pankhani ya kapangidwe, opanga zimapezekanso chimodzimodzi ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chawo m'mamolekyulu awo. Kumapeto kwake kuli gulu lalitali la anthu osakhala ndi polar, osungunuka mu mafuta ndi opanda madzi m'madzi, omwe amadziwikanso kuti hydrophobic gulu la hydrophobic kapena gulu lopanda madzi. Gulu lokhala lopanda mathiri nthawi zambiri limakhala ma unyolo nthawi zambiri, nthawi zinanso kuti azichita ma fluoric, siyicnon, bungwe losungunuka, ndi gulu la ma hydrophilic, gulu losinthika. Gulu la hydrophilic liyenera kukhala lokwanira hydrophilic kuti muwonetsetse kuti maogalasi onse amasungunuka m'madzi ndipo ali ndi kususuka kofunikira. Popeza kuchuluka kwa ma hydrophilic ndi ma hydrophobic timagulu, amatha kusungunuka mu gawo limodzi lamadzimadzi. Izi hydrophilic ndi lipophilic katundu wa surticticticity imadziwika kuti imPamficity.
Zogwiritsa ntchito ndi mtundu wa mamolekyu opezeka ndi mamolekyulu a hydrophobic ndi ma hydrophilic magulu. Magulu a hydrophobic a okonda nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi ma hykyl c8 ~ c20, ophatikizika a alkyl c8 ~ c20, alkylphenyl nambala ya 8 ~ 16) ndi monga. Kusiyana komwe kuli kochepa pakati pamagulu a hydrophobic makamaka m'masinthidwe a hydrocarbon unyolo. Ndipo mitundu ya magulu a hydrophilic ali ochulukirapo, kotero katundu wa okonda makamaka amakhudzana ndi magulu a hydrophilic kuphatikizapo magulu a hydrophobic. Kusintha kwa ma hydrophilic magulu a hydrophilic ndikokulirapo kuposa magulu a hydrophobic, kotero gulu la ogwiritsa ntchito makamaka nthawi zambiri limatengera kapangidwe ka magulu a hydrophilic. Gululi limakhazikitsidwa ngati gulu la hydrophilic ndi Ionic kapena ayi, ndipo limagawika m'magulu aionic, conionic, ZwiTteric ndi mitundu ina yapadera ya okonda.
① Adsorption wa surfactonts pa intaneti
Mamolekyu ochulukitsa ndi mamolekyu a omwe amapezeka kwambiri okhala ndi magulu onse awiri a Lipophilic ndi hydrophilic. Pamene zochulukirika zimasungunuka m'madzi, gulu lake la hydrophilic limakopeka ndi madzi ndikusungunula m'madzi, pomwe lisupelic limasinthidwa ndi mamolekyuti awiriwo, zomwe zimachepetsa ulesi pakati pa magawo awiriwo. Ma mamolekyulu ochulukirapo (kapena anyezi) amapangidwira mawonekedwe, kutsitsa kwakukulu mu zovuta zina.
② Malo ena a Adsorption Membrane
Kukakamizidwa kwa Adsorption Membrane: Ortictor Adsorption pagesi yamagesi-mawonekedwe amtundu wa adsorption, monganso pepala loyandama pamutuwo, ndipo nembanemba imakangana ndi pepala loyandama, lomwe limatchedwa kuti lili ndi nkhawa.
Mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe: Monga kupanikizika kwakumaso, mawonekedwe am'maso ndi malo owonetsedwa ndi ma meuleculal membrane. Kuyimitsidwa ndi mphete yabwino yazitsulo, kotero kuti ndege yake imalumikizana ndi madzi a pifi, kuzungulira pang'onopang'ono madzi obowola, malinga ndi momwe ma viruyo amapezeredwa. Njira yake ndi iyi: Choyamba, kuyesera kumachitika pamadzi oyera kumayeza kuwola, kenako kuwonongeka kwa nembanemba kumayesedwa, ndipo mafayilo a vembrane amachokera pakati pa awiriwa.
Maonekedwe ake amagwirizana kwambiri ndi udikha wa nembanemba, ndipo popeza ma adsorption a Adsorption ali ndi nkhawa komanso mafayilo, ziyenera kukhala zotopetsa. Kupsinjika kwapamwamba kwambiri komanso kukweza kwa mawu oyeserera, ndulu yake yotanuka. Modukisi modulu ya pansi panthaka ya ADSROREPE ndiyofunikira pakukhazikika kwa bubble.
Mapangidwe a ma micleles
Dzalani yankho la ogwiritsa ntchito amamvera malamulo otsatiridwa ndi mayankho abwino. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo pamtunda kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa yankho, komanso pamene ndende itafika, kuchuluka kwa ma adsorples osawerengeka ali mu njira yothetsera vutoli kapena m'njira zina. Onse ochita ndi malingaliro akuwonetsa kuti amapanga mayanjano, ndipo mayanjano amenewa amatchedwa mikala.
Micherle yovuta kwambiri (CMC): Starration yochepera yomwe yaorfactonts pangani ma micrectoles mu njirayi imatchedwa Michelle Ovuta.
④ Mfundo za CMC zamakhalidwe odziwika kwambiri.
HLB ndiye chidule cha ma hydrophol lipophfule, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa hydrophilic ndi mapophilic magulu a supuctic ndi ipophilic ya oledzera, mwachitsanzo, mtengo wa HLB wa ocurus. Mtengo waukulu wa HLB umawonetsa molekyulu ndi hydrophilicity yamphamvu komanso ipofophicity yofowoka; Mosiyana, mphamvu yamphamvu ndi hydrophilicity.
Zopereka za HLB
Mtengo wa HLB ndi mtengo wachibale, kotero mtengo wa HLB umapangidwa, monga muyezo, woyenera kuwononga wa HLDB DUDYL, ndi 40. Nthawi zonse Makhalidwe ochepera 10 ndi Lipophilic, pomwe akuluakulu opitilira 10 ndi hydrophilic. Chifukwa chake, kutembenukira kuchokera ku lipophilic ku hydrophilic kuli pafupifupi 10.
Kutengera ndi malingaliro a HLB ya okonda, lingaliro lazinthu zomwe zingatheke zimatha kupezeka, monga zikuwonekera pagome 1-3.
Mafuta awiri osakhalitsa, omwe amamwa mowa kwambiri ngati tinthu tomwe timakhala (madontho kapena masitolo amadzimadzi) amapanga dongosolo lotchedwa emulsion. Dongosolo ili limakhala losakhazikika chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa malire a madzi amtunduwu pomwe emulsion imapangidwa. Pofuna kupanga emulsion khola, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera gawo lachitatu - a emulsifier kuti muchepetse mphamvu yanthawiyo. Emulsiferiers ndi wa kuchuluka, ntchito yake yayikulu ndikusewera gawo la emulsion. Gawo la emulsion lomwe lilipo limatchedwa stoplets gawo (kapena mgawo lamkati, gawo losasinthika), ndi gawo lina lomwe limalumikizidwa palimodzi limatchedwa kuti kubalalika kwapakatikati (kapena kuti gawo lakunja).
Ma ① emulsifiers ndi emulsions
Emulsions wamba, gawo limodzi la madzi kapena gawo lina lam'madzi sizolakwika ndi madzi, mafuta, sera) zowonetsedwa ngati W / O (madzi / mafuta). Madzi oyipa-mu-mafuta a mu / o / w mtundu ndi mafuta-mu-mafuta o / w / o cholembera-emulsions amathanso kupangidwanso.
Emulsifierers amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikika m'mawu osokoneza bongo pochepetsa mavuto azovuta komanso kupanga ma nembanemba amodzimodzi.
Mu emulsization of emulsifiers:
Yankho: Emulsiferier iyenera kukhala ndi Adsorb kapena kupandulitsa mawonekedwe pakati pa magawo awiriwo, kuti kusamvana kusokonezedwa;
B: Emulsifier ayenera kupatsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe, kotero kuti magetsi aintrackeon pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kapena amapanga chingwe chotchinga, chotchinjiriza kwambiri kuzungulira tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
Chifukwa chake, chinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati emulsifiers chiyenera kukhala ndi magulu amtundu wa ampirilic kuti asinthidwe, ndipo opha orfactont angakwaniritse izi.
② Kukonzekera njira za emulsions ndi zinthu zomwe zikukhudza kukhazikika kwa emulsions
Pali njira ziwiri zokonzera ma emulsions: imodzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yothetsera madziwo tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timathira mafuta kuti mukonzekere emulsions; Chinacho ndikusungunula madziwo mumtundu wina wamadzi wina, kenako ndikupangitsa kuti zisonkhanitse bwino kuti apange emulsions.
Kukhazikika kwa emulsion ndi kuthekera kwa anti-tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatsogolera pa gawo lolekanitsa. Emulsions ndi njira zosakhazikika zokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zaulere. Chifukwa chake, omwe amatchedwa kukhazikika a emulsion ndi nthawi yomwe imafunikira kuti dongosolo lifike ku Equilibrium, mwachitsanzo, nthawi yomwe imafunikira kuti alekanitse ndi madzi amtunduwu omwe achitika.
Pamene mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mowa wamafuta, mafuta acids ndi ma aminetty a aminecyu ndi porkykyules organic, nyongolotsi za membrane kwambiri kuposa. Izi ndichifukwa choti, munthawi yolumikizira adsorprapt ya mamolekyulu ndi mowa, ma acid ndi mamolekyu ena ndi mamolekyulu ena kuti apange "mphamvu yakuthana ya nembanemba idakula.
Ma emulsifiers okhala ndi zoposa awiri opanga ma emulsifiers osakanikirana. Emulsifier adsorbed ku madzi / mafuta amafuta; Zochita zapakatikati zimatha kupanga ma hames. Chifukwa cha ntchito yolimba, kusokonezeka kwa zingwe kumachepa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa emulsifier kutsekedwa kumachulukirachulukira, mapangidwe ake a tembracial rambrane amakwera, mphamvu zimachuluka.
Mlandu wa mikanda yamadzimadzi imakhudzanso kukhazikika kwa emulsion. Emulsions okhazikika, omwe mikanda ya madzi imangokhala. Pamene inols emulsifier imagwiritsidwa ntchito, emulsiferier ion yoyesedwa pa mawonekedwe ali ndi gulu lake la lipophilic lomwe limayikidwa mu gawo la mafuta ndipo gulu la hydrophilic lili mu gawo lamadzi, ndikupanga mikanda yamadzi imayimbidwa mlandu. Monga mikanda ya emulsion yokhala ndi ndalama zomwezo, amathandizirana, sizophweka kwa abglomerate, kuti kukhazikikako kumawonjezeredwa. Itha kuwoneka kuti emulsifier ma ions odssorbed pa mikanda, oyang'anira chachikulu, mphamvu yayikulu yoletsa mikanda yochokera ku Aulsilsion dongosolo.
Makutu a Emulsion Banja Sipakatikati ali ndi chidaliro china pa kukhazikika kwa emulsion. Nthawi zambiri, mafakidwe apamwamba a omwe amabala obalalika, kukhazikika kwa emulsion. Izi ndichifukwa choti mafayilo obalalika ndi akuluakulu, omwe ali ndi mphamvu kwambiri pa mayendedwe a brownian a mikanda yamadzi ndipo amachepetsa kugunda pakati pa madziwo, kuti makinawo akhale okhazikika. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu za poilymer zimasungunuka mu emulsions zimatha kuwonjezera mamasukidwe a kachitidwemo ndikupangitsa kukhazikika kwa emulsions. Kuphatikiza apo, ma polity amathanso kupanga nembanemba wamphamvu, ndikupanga dongosolo la emulsion lokhazikika.
Nthawi zina, kuwonjezera ufa wolimba kumatha kupangitsa kuti emulsion ukhale wokhazikika. Ufa wolimba uli m'madzi, mafuta kapena mawonekedwe, kutengera mafuta, madzi okwanira kunyowa kwathunthu ndi madzi, komanso kunyowa ndi mafuta, azikhala pamadzi ndi mawonekedwe amafuta.
Ufa wolimba supanga zolimba chifukwa ufa wophatikizika pa mawonekedwe a membrane, yemwe ndi wofanana ndi mankhwala a a emlsac, motero kwambiri ufa wambiri umakonzedwa.
Zogwiritsa ntchito zimatha kuwonjezera kusungunuka kwa zinthu zosasunthika kapena zosungunuka pang'ono pambuyo popanga michere mu madzi am'madzi, ndipo yankho lake limawonekera nthawi ino. Izi zimatchedwa michelle imatchedwa Solililization. The wowonjezera zomwe zingatulutse solibilirization imatchedwa solubilibit, ndi chiwopsezo chomwe amasungunuka chimatchedwa gawo loloza.
Chikho cha chikho chimathandizira pakutsuka. Chithovu ndi chovuta chomwe mpweya umabalalika mumadzi kapena cholimba, ndi mpweya wobalalika, pomwe wakale uja umatchedwa chithovu, pomwepo umakhala wovuta
(1) mapangidwe achiponda
Mwa thovu tikutanthauza kuti apa kuphatikizika kwa thovu la mpweya wolekanitsidwa ndi nembanemba yamadzi. Mtundu uwu wa bubble umakwera mwachangu ku madzi chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa gawo la omwazikulu pakati (mpweya) ndi obalalika kwambiri (madzi), kuphatikiza ndi mafayilo otsika amadzimadzi.
Njira yopangira bubble ndikubweretsa mpweya wambiri m'madzi, ndipo thovu m'madzi amabwerera pansi, ndikupanga ophatikizika kwa thovu lolekanitsidwa ndi mpweya wocheperako.
Chithotho chili ndi mikhalidwe iwiri yofunika malinga ndi morphology: imodzi ndikuti ma bubles monga nthawi zambiri amakhala ponseponse poyerekeza, pomwe madzi amadziwombera pamlingo wina; Chachiwiri ndi chakuti zakumwa zonse sizingapange chithovu chokhazikika, madzi omwe amatha kukhala ndi chithovu ndi zigawo ziwiri kapena kupitilira apo. Mankhwala othandiza a orfactontrants ndizambiri mwazinthu zomwe zimakonda kukhala ndi chithovu, ndipo kuthekera kwawo kogwirizananso ndi zinthu zina.
Oubwinta okhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yokhomera amatchedwa ogwiritsira ntchito thonje. Ngakhale kuti wothandizirana naye ali ndi kuthekera kwabwino kwa chiyeta, koma zopangidwa ndi chithozi sizingatheke kukhala nthawi yayitali, ndiko kuti, kukhazikika kwake sikofunikira kwenikweni. Pofuna kukhalabe kukhazikika kwa chithovu, nthawi zambiri mu thovu kuti iwonjezere zinthu zomwe zingakuletse chithovu, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri chimakhala cha Beiuryl Teimethlamine.
(2) kukhazikika kwa thovu
Chithovu ndi chithosi chosakhazikika komanso chomaliza ndikuti malo okwanira amadzimadzi mkati mwa dongosolo litachepa ndipo mphamvu yaulere imachepa. Njira yolowerera ndi njira yomwe nembanemba yamadzimadzi imalekanitsa mafuta kukhala yowuma komanso yochepetsetsa mpaka itasweka. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa khola la thovu kumatsimikiziridwa ndi liwiro la madzi ojambula komanso mphamvu yamadzimadzi. Zinthu zotsatirazi zimakopanso izi.
(3) Chiwonongeko choyipa
Mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya chiwonongeko ndikusintha mikhalidwe yomwe imapanga chithopolo kapena kuthetsa zinthu zokhazikika za chithovu, motero pali njira zonse zathupi ndi zamagetsi zosokoneza.
Kusokonekera kwakuthupi kumatanthauza kusintha momwe zinthu zimakhalira ndikusunga mankhwala a thovu, monga chisokonezo chakunja, kusintha kwa kutentha kapena kupanikizika kwa njira zonse zothetsera thovu.
Njira yolowera mankhwala ndikuwonjezera zinthu zina kuti mucheze ndi mphamvu yotsatsa kuti muchepetse mphamvu ya chithovu ndikuchepetsa cholinga chowonongeka, zinthu zotere zimatchedwa decomers. Ambiri mwa omasuka amakhala okonda. Chifukwa chake, malingana magwiridwe osokoneza, Decomer ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yochepetsera kusokonezeka kwa mawonekedwe, komanso kulumikizana pakati pa mamolekyulu a adsorky ndi ofooka.
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya demoamer, koma kwenikweni, onse ndi okonda ionic. Ogwiritsa ntchito osagwirizana ali ndi zida zotsutsana ndi nyumba pafupi kapena pamwamba pa mtambo wawo ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zomasulira. Mawada, makamaka mowa wokhala ndi nthambi, mafuta acids ndi mafuta a acid, ma posyamides, mafuta a phosphate, mafuta ambiri.
(4.) chithovu ndi kuchapa
Palibe kulumikizana mwachindunji pakati pa thovu ndikutsuka mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa chithovu sikuwonetsa luso la kusamba. Mwachitsanzo, osagwirizana ogwiritsa ntchito sakhala ndi zofunda zochepa kuposa sopo, koma zosankha zawo ndizabwino kwambiri kuposa sopo.
Nthawi zina, chithovu chimatha kukhala chothandiza pochotsa uve ndi prime. Mwachitsanzo, akatsuka mbale mnyumba, thovu la chotchinga kunyamula madontho amafuta komanso akakuwombera matayala, chithovu chimathandizira kunyamula fumbi, ufa ndi dothi lina lolimba. Kuphatikiza apo, chithovu nthawi zina chimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chisonyezo cha mphamvu ya zotsekemera. Chifukwa mafuta am'madzi ali ndi cholepheretsa chithovu cha chotupacho, pomwe pali mafuta ochuluka kwambiri komanso chotupa chochepa kwambiri, palibe chithovu, chithovu choyambirira chidzatha. Chithovu chimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chisonyezo cha chitsuko cha kutsuka, monga kuchuluka kwa chithovu mu khwala mu chipachimwe kumachepetsa, kotero kuchuluka kwa chithovu kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika kuchuluka kwa hining.
Munthawi yayikulu, kutsuka ndi njira yochotsera zigawo zosafunikira kuchokera ku chinthu kuti chisambitsidwe ndikukwaniritsa cholinga. Kusamba munjira yokhazikika kumatanthauza kuchotsa dothi kuchokera pansi pa chonyamulira. Mukutsuka, kuyanjana pakati pa dothi ndi wonyamulayo kumafooketsa kapena kuchotsedwa ndi zinthu zina zamankhwala (mwachitsanzo, zotchinga, ndi zotsekemera zimalekanitsidwa ndi chonyamulira. Monga momwe zinthuzo zimatsukidwa ndipo dothi litulutsidwe ndi zosiyanasiyana, kuchapa ndi njira yovuta kwambiri ndipo njira yoyamba yotsukidwa ingafotokozeredwe m'njira yosavutayi.
Corliof rin + wofiirira = wonyamula + Dirtele
Njira yotsutsira imatha kugawidwa m'magawo awiri: Choyamba, mothandizidwa ndi wotchinga, dothi limalekanitsidwa ndi chonyamulira chake; Kachiwiri, dothi lowonongeka limabalalika ndikuyimilira pakati. Njira yotsutsira ndi njira yosinthira ndipo dothi lomwe limamwa ndikuyimitsidwa mu sing'anga imathanso kuyambiranso kwa sing'anga kutsukidwa. Chifukwa chake, chonyansa chabwino chiyenera kukhala ndi kuthekera kogawana ndikuyimitsa dothi ndikuletsa kubwezeretsanso dothi, kuwonjezera pa kuthekera kochotsa zinyalala kuchokera ku chonyamulira.
(1) Mitundu ya dothi
Ngakhale chinthu chomwecho, mtunduwo, kapangidwe kake ndi kuchuluka kwa dothi kumatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mafuta a thupi chimakhala ndi mafuta ndi mafuta a nyama ndi mafuta a mchere (monga mafuta osadukiza, phula lolimba, etc.; uve kuchokera pazakudya, monga madontho ophikira, madontho ophika mafuta, zopepuka madontho, owuma, etc.; dothi kuchokera ku zodzola, monga milomo, kupukutira kwa msomali, etc.; uve kuchokera mumlengalenga, monga sodi, fumbi, matope, etc.; Ena, monga inki, tiyi, zokutira, ndi zina. Zimabwera zosiyanasiyana.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dothi nthawi zambiri imatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: dothi lolimba, madzi odzaza ndi dothi lapadera.
Dothi lolimba
Zingwe zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo tinthu tating'onoting'ono, matope, dziko lapansi, dzimbiri ndi kaboni. Zambiri mwa tinthu toterezi zimakhala ndi magetsi pamtunda wawo, ambiri aiwo amalipitsidwa ndipo amatha kuchitidwa mosavuta pazinthu za fiber. Zida zolimba nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kusungunuka m'madzi, koma imatha kubalalika ndikuyimitsidwa ndi njira zotchinga. Matalala cholimba ndi misa yaying'ono imakhala yovuta kwambiri kuchotsa.
② Madzimadzi amadzimadzi
Mafuta amadzimadzi amasungunuka kwambiri, kuphatikizapo mafuta ndi mafuta a acinyama, mafuta acids, mowa wamafuta, mafuta a mchere ndi oxis. Pakati pawo, zomera ndi nyama, mafuta acid amatha kuchitika, pomwe mafuta a alkali amatha kusokonekera ndi mankhwala a alkali, koma amatha kusandulika m'madzi a Alkili, ndipo amatha kusanthula madzi amphamvu. Mafuta osungunuka amadzimadzi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu yolimba ndi zinthu za fiber, ndipo zimangoyesedwa mwamphamvu pa ulusi.
L ③ Dothi wapadera
Dothi wapadera umaphatikizapo mapuloteni, owuma, magazi, zinsinsi za munthu monga thukuta, sebum, mkodzo ndi msuzi wa tiyi. Zambiri mwazomera izi zimatha kukhala zamankhwala komanso zoyesedwa mwamphamvu pazinthu za fiber. Chifukwa chake, nkovuta kusamba.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dothi siipezeka yokha, koma nthawi zambiri imasakanikirana ndikupanga chinthucho. Mfuti nthawi zina amatha kukhala oxidized, owola kapena kuwola pansi pa zinthu zakunja, chifukwa chake ndikupanga dothi latsopano.
(2) Kutsatira Handion
Zovala, manja etc. zitha kudetsedwa chifukwa pali mtundu wina wa kulumikizana pakati pa chinthu ndi dothi. Mafuta amatsatira zinthu m'njira zosiyanasiyana, koma palibe zotsatsa zotsatsa ndi zamankhwala.
Chifuno cha soti, fumbi, matope, mchenga ndi makala ku zovala ndi chotsatsa. Nthawi zambiri, kudzera pachimake ichi cha dothi, ndipo gawo pakati pa chinthu chodetsedwa ndi ofooka, kuchotsedwa kwa dothi ndikosavuta. Malinga ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, kutengera kwa dothi kumatha kugawidwa m'makina omata komanso zotsatsa zamagetsi.
A: ZOPHUNZITSA ZOPHUNZITSA
Zotsatirazi zimatengera kutengera kwa dothi lina lolimba (mwachitsanzo, fumbi, matope). Kutsatsa makina ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yofooka ya dothi ndipo amatha kuchotsedwa pafupifupi njira zamagetsi, koma dothi limakhala laling'ono (<0.1um), ndizovuta kuzichotsa.
B: ZOPHUNZITSA ZOLENGA
Kutsatsa kwa magetsi kumawonekera makamaka pakuchita mapangidwe a dothi m'malo ophatikizira. Zinthu zambiri zopindika zimayimbidwa mlandu m'madzi ndipo zimatha kuyang'aniridwa mosavuta kwa dothi linalake, monga mitundu ya laimu. Madontho ena, ngakhale anali kuimbidwa mlandu wotere, monga tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta ma carboos m'matumba a iyonic motsutsana ndi zingwe zosemphana ndi zingwe (mwachitsanzo, Ca2 +, ndi Mg2 etc.).
Zochita zamagetsi ndizolimba kuposa zochita zosavuta, ndikupanga zinyalala zovuta.
② Kutsatsa kwa mankhwala
Kutsatsa kwa mankhwala kumatanthauza chizolowezi cha fumbi kumachita chinthu kudzera pamankhwala kapena ma hydrogen. Mwachitsanzo, polar wolimba, ma protein, dzimbiri ndi kutsatira zina pazinthu, ulusi ndi magulu ena, maasitere ndi osavuta kupanga magwiridwe antchito a hydrogen. Mphamvu zamankhwala nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolimba ndipo dothi limalumikizidwa kwambiri ku chinthucho. Mafuta amtunduwu ndizovuta kuchotsa ndi njira zachizolowezi ndipo pamafunika njira zapadera zothana nawo.
Mlingo wa chitsamba chimakhudzana ndi mtundu wa dothi lokha komanso chikhalidwe chomwe chimawatsatira. Nthawi zambiri, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timatsatira zinthu zazing'ono. Zocheperako kapangidwe ka dothi cholimba, champhamvu chotsatsa. Polar dothi pazinthu za hydrophilic monga thonje ndi galasi likugwirizana kwambiri kuposa dothi losasintha. Dzikolo lopanda polar limatsatira kwambiri dothi la polar, monga mafuta a polar, fumbi ndi dongo, ndipo sizophweka kuchotsa komanso kukhala oyera.
(3) Njira Yochotsa Madothi
Cholinga chochapira ndikuchotsa dothi. Mwanjira inayake (makamaka madzi). Kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta zosiyanasiyana zakuthupi ndi mankhwala a chotupacho kuti ifooketse kapena kuthetsa zotsatira za dothi ndi kutsuka, movutikira manja, kutsuka makina kuchokera ku cholinga cha Desiction.
① imagwirira madzi amadzimadzi
A: kunyowa
Kukhazikika kwamadzi kumakhala kochokera ku mafuta. Masamba amafuta onyowa zinthu zambiri ndikufalikira kwambiri kapena kuchepera ngati filimu yamafuta padziko lapansi. Gawo loyamba pakusamba ndikunyowa kwa nthaka ndikutsuka madzi. Chifukwa cha fanizo, pansi pa chiberekero chitha kumaganiziridwa ngati malo osalala.
B: Kuchepetsa Mafuta - Kupindika
Gawo lachiwiri pakusamba ndikuchotsa mafuta ndi mafuta, kuchotsedwa kwa dothi lamadzimadzi kumatheka ndi mtundu wowira. Mafuta amadzimadzi omwe amakhalapo pamtundu wa filimu ya mafuta, ndipo pansi pa chinyezi chonyowa cha madzi ovala pansi (ie, omwe adakwapulidwa m'madzi ochapira
② imagwirizanitsa kuwonongeka koyenera
Kuchotsa dothi kumadzimadzi kumachitika makamaka kunyowa kwa dothi posambitsidwa, pomwe kuchotsedwa kwa dothi lolimba ndilosiyana, pomwe njira yake yothilira ikulu ndi kusamba njira. Chifukwa cha Adsorption ya okonda dothi lolimba ndi malo ake onyamula, kulumikizana pakati pa dothi ndipo pamwamba pake misa ya dothi imachepetsedwa, motero unyinji umachotsedwa pang'onopang'ono kuchokera pamwamba pa chonyamulira.
Kuphatikiza apo, adsorption ya okonda, makamaka ionic surfactonts, pamtunda wa dothi lolimba komanso chonyamulira chake chimatha kuwonjezera mphamvu pamwamba pa dothi lolimba ndi chonyamulira chake, chomwe chimatha kuwongolera dothi. Malo okhazikika kapena okhazikika nthawi zambiri amakhala osavomerezeka m'matumba osokoneza bongo ndipo chifukwa chake amapanga zigawo zina zapakati pa zamagetsi pazambiri kapena malo olimba. Chifukwa cha kunyansidwa kwa milandu yanyumba, cholumikizira chimati tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timadzi toferedwa chimafota. Wonjenjetsedwa akawonjezeredwa, chifukwa nthawi yomweyo imatha kuwonjezera mbali zoyipa za dothi ndi nthaka yolimba, mphamvu yotsatsa pakati pawo imachepetsedwa, ndipo dothi ndi losavuta kuchotsa.
Zosagwirizana ndi ionic zokhala ndi zingwe zokhala ndi zolimba nthawi zambiri ndipo ngakhale sizisintha kwambiri momwe mungathere, okonda kusanjidwa pang'ono, amakonda kwambiri kuti aletse utoto.
Pankhani ya catartactonts okonda, ma adsorption awo amachepetsa kapena kuthetsa mawonekedwe olakwika a dothi ndi malo ake onyamula, omwe amachepetsa kuchotsedwa pakati pa dothi ndi chifukwa chake sichitha kuchotsedwa kwa dart; Kuphatikiza apo, pambuyo pa Adsorption panthaka yolimba, okondana ogwirizira amakonda kutembenuza mawonekedwe a hydrophobic ndipo chifukwa chake sikuti ndikutha kunyowa motero kutsuka.
Kuchotsa dothi lapadera
Mapuloteni, wowuma, zokongoletsera za munthu, juipatso zamafuta, msuzi wa tiyi ndi dothi lina lokha ndizovuta kuchotsa ndi zokonda zapadera ndipo zimafuna chithandizo chapadera.
Mapulogalamu opanga mapuloteni monga zonona, mazira, magazi, mkaka ndi nthawi yodyera imakonda kutsamba pa ulusi ndi kuwonongeka ndikulimbana. Kuwonongeka kwa protein kumatha kuchotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni. Kafukufuku wa Enzyme amaphwanya mapuloteni mu dothi mu dothi kukhala ma amino acid acid kapena oligoptides.
Madera owoneka bwino amachokera ku zakudya, ena monga gravy, guluu etc. amylase ali ndi vuto la madontho a stagar, ndikupangitsa kuti wowuma kuti asungunuke.
Lipose amphaka kuwonongeka kwa triglyceridedes, zomwe ndizovuta kuchotsa njira wamba, monga sebim ndi mafuta osinthika, ndikuwaphwanya m'magulu a ma acid a acids.
Madothi ena achikuda kuchokera ku zipatso za zipatso, misuzi ya tiyi, ipstick etc etc. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuyeretsa ngakhale kutsuka mobwerezabwereza. Madontho awa amatha kuchotsedwa ndi zomwe zimachitika ndi zosintha kapena kuchepetsa mankhwalawo ngati bulle, yomwe imawononga kapangidwe ka magulu a utoto kapena utoto wopatsa mphamvu.
(4) Kuchotsa makina oyeretsa otsuka
Pamwambapa kuli kwa madzi monga sing'anga yotsuka. M'malo mwake, chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zovala ndi kapangidwe kake pogwiritsa ntchito kusamba kwamadzi sikovuta kapena kusamatira, komanso kusokoneza, motero kutsuka komanso kosavuta. Mwa kuchapa zinthu zaubweya zimawonekanso nthawi zambiri kumawoneka ngati shnomenon phenomenon, zopangidwa ndi zaubweya wina ndi kusamba kwamadzi ndizosavuta pazitsulo, kusintha kwa mitundu; Ma silika akumva kuwawa atatsuka ndikutaya wosuta. Chifukwa zovala izi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira yotsuka yowuma. Kuyeretsedwa kouma nthawi zambiri kumatanthauza njira yotsukira mu organic solmin, makamaka m'malo osakhala polar.
Kuyeretsa kowuma ndi mawonekedwe osokoneza bongo kuposa kuchapa madzi. Chifukwa kuyeretsa kowuma sikutanthauza kuti makina azichita, sizimayambitsa kuwonongeka, kuthira ndi kusokonekera kwa zovala, pomwe zopukutira madzi, mosiyana ndi madzi, sizimatulutsa zipatso. Malingana ngati ukadaulo umayendetsedwa bwino, zovala zimatha kutsukidwa popanda kuwononga, utoto wokhazikika ndi moyo wa ntchito.
Pakutsuka kouma, pali mitundu itatu ya dothi.
Mafuta osungunuka osungunuka osungunuka amapezeka ndi mafuta amtundu uliwonse komanso mafuta, omwe ndi madzi kapena mafuta ndipo amatha kusungunuka ndikusungunuka mu masitima otsuka.
Mafuta osungunuka-② madzi osungunuka amasungunuka m'matumba am'madzi, koma osati mu zovala zowuma, madzi amatuluka madzi okhazikika, owuma, mapuloteni, etc.
③oil ndi madzi opanda mafuta osowa mafuta ndi dothi lopanda madzi silisungunuka m'madzi kapena kusungunuka mu masitima osawuma, monga kaboni, ndi ma olima, etc.
Chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dothi, pali njira zosiyanasiyana zochotsa fomu poyeretsa. Dothi losungunuka la mafuta, monga nyama ndi mafuta a nyama, mafuta amchere ndi mafuta, amasungunuka mosavuta mu ortic sol osayera ndipo amatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta pakuyeretsa kouma. Kusungunuka koyera kwa ma sodi yotsuka mafuta kwa mafuta ndi magetsi kwenikweni kumachokera ku van der makoma pakati pa mamolekyulu.
Kuti muchotsere dothi losungunuka monga mafuta onunkhira, shuga, mapuloteni, madzi oyenera ayenera kuwonjezeredwanso kuntchito yowuma, apo ayi dothi losungunulira lamadzi limakhala lovuta kuchotsa zovala. Komabe, madzi ndi ovuta kusungunuka mu wowuma wowuma, kotero kuti muwonjezere kuchuluka kwamadzi, muyenera kuwonjezera surfacttont. Kukhalapo kwa madzi mu wowuma kumatha kupanga dothi ndi zovala hydraut, kotero kuti ndikosavuta kuyanjana ndi ma polarp aorfacttos pamwamba. Kuphatikiza apo, pamene okonda amapanga ma micrelleles, mafuta osungunuka madzi ndi madzi amatha kusungunuka mu mipembedzo. Kuphatikiza pa kuwonjezereka madzi osungunuka a solvent, ogwiritsa ntchito amathanso kumathandizanso kupewa kuwunika kwa dothi kuti liwonjezere zotsatira.
Kupezeka kwa madzi ochepa ndikofunikira kuchotsa dothi losungunuka lamadzi, koma madzi ochulukirapo amatha kuyambitsa kusokonezeka ndikumatira zovala zina, kotero kuchuluka kwa madzi mu wowuma kuyenera kukhala wodekha.
Undi uja sukusungunuka kapena tinthu tokhala ngati mafuta kapena mafuta ofota ngati phulusa, matope, nthaka ndi kaboni, nthawi zambiri imaphatikizidwa ndi mafuta a magetsi kapena kuphatikiza ndi mafuta. Pakutsuka kowuma, kutuluka kwa zosungunuka, mphamvu kungapangitse mafuta adothi, kuti oyeretsa mafuta ndi dothi louma, kuti aletse zopangidwa ndi zovala.
(5) Zinthu zomwe zikukhudza kusamba
Adsorption Adsorption ya okonda kuphatikizika ndikuchepetsa kwa mawonekedwe (osokoneza) ndi zinthu zazikulu pakuchotsa madzi kapena dothi lolimba. Komabe, kusinthaku ndikovuta komanso kutsuka kwamphamvu, ngakhale ndi mtundu womwewo, kumayendetsedwa ndi zinthu zina zambiri. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa zotsekemera, kutentha, mtundu wa kuthirira, mtundu wa ulusi wa nsaluyo.
① Surticnyunt ndende
Micrelle of Arfactonts mu njira yothetsera gawo lofunikira pakutsuka. Pamene ndende itafika pamiyeso yovuta kwambiri (CMC), kutsuka kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa chopilira mu solvent kuyenera kukhala chachikulu kuposa mtengo wa cmc kuti ukhale wotsuka bwino. Komabe, pamene kuchuluka kwa zochulukitsa ndizokwera kuposa mtengo wa cmc, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu pakutsuka sidziwinthu ndipo sikofunikira kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zochulukitsa zochulukirapo.
Mukachotsa mafuta ndi kusandulika, kususuka kusungunuka kumachulukana powonjezera chidwi chachikulu, ngakhale pamene chidwi sichili pamwamba pa cMC. Pakadali pano, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito chotchinga munthawi yakomweko. Mwachitsanzo, ngati pali dothi zambiri pama cuffs ndi kolala ya chovala, chotchinga chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakutsuka kuti muchepetse mphamvu ya mafuta pa mafuta.
②TEMPERE ORSALI ndiyofunika kwambiri pazinthu zosamalira. Mwambiri, kuwonjezera kutentha kumathandizira kuchotsedwa kwa dothi, koma nthawi zina kutentha kwambiri kumayambitsa zovuta.
Kuchulukitsa kutentha kumathandizira kusokonekera kwa dothi, mafuta olimba amakhala osunthika pamwamba pamatenthedwe pamwamba pokonzanso chifukwa chowonjezera kutentha, zonse zomwe zimathandizira kukonza dothi. Komabe, nsalu zojambula zapakatikati, micropaps pakati pa ulusi imachepetsedwa ngati ulusiwu ukukula, zomwe zimawononga kuchotsedwa kwa dothi.
Kusintha kwa kutentha kumakhudzanso kusungunuka, mtengo wa CMC ndi michenje kukula kwa orcakaskantrants, chifukwa chake amakhudza kusamba. Kusungunuka kwa okonda okhala ndi minda ya katemera katemera katenthedwe kochepa ndipo nthawi zina kusungunuka kumakhala kochepa kuposa mtengo wa cmc, kotero kutentha kwa masentimita moyenera kuyenera kubukitsidwa moyenerera. Mphamvu ya kutentha pa cmc mtengo ndi kukula kwa michenje ndizosiyana kwa ionic ndi ionic surfactonts. Kwa Ionic surfactonts, kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha nthawi zambiri kumawonjezera phindu la masentimita ndikuchepetsa kukula kwa michenje, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa zochulukitsa mu njira yosamba iyenera kuchuluka. Kwa osagwirizana osagwirizana, kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa mtengo wa cmc komanso kuchuluka kwa voliyumu, motero zikuwonekeratu kuti kuwonjezeka koyenera kumathandiza kuti kutentha kosagwira ntchito. Komabe, kutentha sikuyenera kupitirira mtambo wake.
Mwachidule, kutentha kotsukidwa kumatengera mawonekedwe otsekemera ndipo chinthu chotsukidwa. Zofooka zina zimakhala ndi zofowoka bwino firiji, pomwe ena amakhala ndi chosiyanitsa chosiyana kwambiri pakati pa kuzizira komanso kutsuka kotentha.
③ Zitho
Ndi chizolowezi chosokoneza mphamvu yolumala ndikutsuka, kukhulupirira kuti zotsalira ndi mphamvu zokhala ndi zovuta kwambiri zimakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yotsuka. Kafukufuku wawonetsa kuti palibe mgwirizano wapakati pa kusamba ndi kuchuluka kwa chithovu. Mwachitsanzo, kutsuka ndi zotchinga zotsika pang'ono sikungakhale kothandiza kuposa kutsuka ndi zotupa zazitali.
Ngakhale chithovu sichinafanane mwachindunji kutsuka, pali nthawi zina ngati zimapangitsa kuchotsa dothi, pakutsuka mbale ndi manja. Mukakuwuzani matope, chithovu chimathanso chotsani fumbi ndi tsamba lina lolimba la dothi, maakaunti a dative a Cartive kuti athe kukhala ndi kuthekera kovuta.
Mphamvu yovuta ndiyofunikanso kwa ma shampoos, pomwe chiuno cha chabwino chopangidwa ndi madzi nthawi yoluma kapena kusamba chimasiya tsitsi loyera komanso labwino.
④ mitundu ya ulusi ndi katundu wakuthupi
Kuphatikiza pa kapangidwe ka mafumu, zomwe zimakhudza chotsatsa ndikuchotsa utoto, maonekedwe a ulusiwo ndi bungwe la ulusi ndi nsalu imakhala ndi chisonkhezero pa kuchotsedwa kwa dart.
Masikelo a ulusi wa ubweya ndi nthiti yokhotakhota kwa ulusi wa thonje amatha kudziunjikirapo kuposa ulusi wosalala. Mwachitsanzo, katemera wakuda pa mafilimu a celluuse (ma vissese) ndi osavuta kuchotsa, pomwe mpweya wakuda wokhazikika pa nsalu za thonje ndizovuta kuchapa. Chitsanzo china ndi chakuti nsalu zazifupi kwambiri zopangidwa ndi polyester zimakonda kudziunjikira madontho ochulukirapo kuposa nsalu zamafuta zazitali ndizovutanso kuchotsa madontho a mafuta pazinthu zazitali za nsalu zazitali.
Zingwe zopindika zokhotakhota komanso nsalu zolimba, chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakung'ono pakati pa ulusi, titha kukana kuyipa kwa dothi, koma zolimba zimayamba kutsuka dothi lamkati, koma nthawi yomwe kuchapa kumakhala kovuta kwambiri.
⑤ Kulimba kwamadzi
Kukhazikika kwa CA2 +, mg2 + ndi maboti ena achitsulo m'madzi kumakhala ndi mphamvu kwambiri pakusambitsa ca2 + ndi mg2 + ya magnesium omwe amasungunuka ndipo amachepetsa chofufumitsa. M'madzi olimba, ngakhale atakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa olemera kuli okwera, opindika akadali oyipitsitsa kuposa distillation. Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kuti akhale ndi vuto labwino kwambiri, kusuntha kwa ca2 + mpaka kuchepetsedwa 1 x 10-6 mol / l (CACO3 mpaka 0.1 mg / l) kapena kuchepera. Izi zimafuna kuwonjezera kwa ofewetsa osiyanasiyana kuti akhale wotsekemera.
Post Nthawi: Feb-25-2022